You will be expected to read as widely as possible. You may find textbooks helpful in giving you a general outline of a topic, but you should not rely on them for detailed information. You will be expected to show evidence of having read a generous selection of items directly and specifically related to your topic.

Articles are a great way to the heart of a subject and there is a good selection in the Student Texts Collection. You can also search in JSTOR, and browse in the Journal of Asian Studies, which the Library takes. Journals in other disciplines (eg. Sociology, Anthropology, Women's Studies, Cultural Studies, Literature) can often include the occasional relevant article. Northumbria's journal collection may supplement ours. The best place to start finding journals (and book chapters – but not single-authored books) is the Bibliography of Asian Studies, which you can access through the Library website. A surprising number of journal back issues are freely available online, notably Asia Major. The History Cooperative website includes current issues of some major periodicals like AHR.

The journal Nannü: Men, Women and Gender in China is the single most important periodical for the study of this module. The Robinson Library does not take this journal, but Durham has a full run. In these reading lists I have not provided comprehensive references to the relevant articles because there are so many. I strongly recommend a trip to Durham to check it out. Ask at the Robinson first to get the card you need to use Durham's library.

If you can't find anything that's on the reading list you will have to use your initiative! There is a huge amount out there - all you have to do is look for it. If you've tried all the searching tools in the Library and you still can't find anything, then I will be willing to help.
 

Books you might want to buy

You will almost certainly find it helpful to buy a basic textbook. I recommend one or more of the following:

• Patricia Ebrey, The Cambridge illustrated history of China [lots of pictures, easy style].
• Jacques Gernet, A history of Chinese civilisation [fewer pictures, more detailed analysis].
• Caroline Blunden and Mark Elvin, Cultural atlas of China (Oxford: Phaidon, 1983).
• Susan Mann and Yu-Yin Cheng, ed., Under Confucian eyes: writings on gender in Chinese history (Berkeley: University of California, 2001).

Blackwells may also have a selection of other books relevant to this module.

The reading lists are arranged by dynastic period and subject areas, but the subject areas may not be arranged as you might initially expect. In selecting your reading you are strongly advised to examine other sections (especially 'General') apart from the one you think you need.

1.1 General Chinese history and miscellaneous

• Blunden, Caroline, and Mark Elvin, Cultural atlas of China (Oxford: Phaidon, 1983).
• Cambridge history of China, various volumes (NB. Not all have been published yet).
• Granet, Marcel, Chinese civilisation, trans. K.E. Innes & M.R. Brailsford (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1930).
• Kleeman, Terry, 'Licentious cults and bloody victuals: sacrifice, reciprocity, and violence in traditional China', Asia Major (3rd ser.), 8:1 (1994), 185-211.
• Knapp, Ronald, China's living houses: folk beliefs, symbols and household ornamentation(Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 1999).
• Knapp, Ronald, China's vernacular architecture: house form and culture (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 1989).
• Needham, Joseph, et al., Science and civilization in China (Cambridge University Press), various vols.
• Rawski, Thomas G., and Lillian M. Li, eds, Chinese history in economic perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).
• Sen, Tansen, Buddhism, diplomacy, and trade: the realignment of Sino-Indian relations, 600-1400 (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003).
• Van der Sprenkel, Otto P.N. Berkelbach, 'The Chinese civil service', East Asian History, 11 (1996).

1.2 Worthwhile websites (beware of the huge amount of rubbish out there)

• Archival Research Center, University of Southern California, 'Chinese History (to Qing Dynasty)': http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/arc/libraries/eastasian/china/toqing.html
• Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, Taiwan, 'Contents of past issues of Asia Major': http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/issues/thirdseries.htm
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 'A visual sourcebook of Chinese civilization': http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/
• Hohn, R. Patrick (maintainer), 'WWW-VL: History: China': http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/China/Index.html
• Lecher, Hanno E. (maintainer), 'Internet Guide for Chinese Studies: Chinese history': http://sun.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/igcs/ighist.htm

1.3 Gender and family in China

1.3.1 Theory

• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking van Gulik again', Nannü, 7:1 (2005), 71-8.
• Gilmartin, Christina K., Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White, Engendering China: women culture, and the state, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994). [Esp. Furth article and Introduction (you can stop at the bottom of p. 12].
• Kam Louie, and Louise Edwards, 'Chinese masculinity: theorising wen and wu', East Asian History, 8 (1994), 135-48.
• Kam, Louie, Theorising Chinese masculinity: society and gender in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
• Ko, Dorothy, and Wang Zheng, ed. Translating feminisms in China (Oxford: Blackwell, 2007).
• Teng, Jinhua Emma, 'The construction of the "traditional Chinese woman" in the Western academy: a critical review', Signs (1996), 115-51.
• Zito, Angela, and Tani Barlow, ed., Body, subject and power in China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).

1.3.2 Primary sources

• Brownell, Susan and Jeffrey Wasserstrom, Chinese feminities/Chinese masculinities: a reader (Berkeley: University of California, 2001).
• Mann, Susan, and Yu-Yin Cheng, ed., Under Confucian eyes: writings on gender in Chinese history (Berkeley: University of California, 2001).
• Mou, Sherry J., Gentlemen's prescriptions for women's lives: a thousand years of biographies of Chinese women (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2004).
• Wang, Robin, ed., Images of women in Chinese thought and culture: writings from the pre-Qin period through the Song dynasty (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006).

1.3.3 Moral and social expectations

• Sun, E-tu Sen, and John deFrancis, ed., Chinese social history (Washington: American Council of Learned Societies, 1956).
• Sung, Marina H., 'The Chinese lieh-nü tradition', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 63-74.
• Yang Lien-sheng, 'Female rulers in imperial China', HJAS, 23 (1960-1), 47-61, repr. Studies of governmental institutions in Chinese history, ed. John L. Bishop (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968).

1.3.4 Kinship and economics

• Bernhardt, Kathryn, Women and property in China, 960-1949 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley and James L. Watson, ed. Kinship organisation in late imperial China, 1000-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'The economic foundations of virtue: widow-remarriage in early and modern China', Australian journal of Chinese affairs, 13 (1985), 1-27.

1.3.5 Women's studies and masculinity

• 'Gender and manhood in Chinese history', forum of five contributions, American Historical Review, 105:5 (2000), 1559-1667.
• Jia Linbao, ed., Collected works on the history of Chinese women (Taipei: Mutong, 1979).
• Ko, Dorothy, Cinderella's sisters: a revisionist history of footbinding (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
• Mitamura Taisuke, Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1970).
• Mou, Sherry, Presence and presentation: women in the Chinese literati tradition (New York: St Martin's, 1998).
• Zurndorfer, Harriet. ed., Women in China's imperial past: new perspectives (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1999).

1.3.6 Sexuality

• Hinsch, Bret, 'Van Gulik's Sexual life in ancient China and the matter of homosexuality', Nannü, 7:1 (2005), 79-91.
• Hinsch, Bret, Passions of the cut sleeve: the male homosexual tradition in China (Oxford: University of California Press, 1990).
• Van Gulik, R.H., Sexual life in ancient China: a preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D, revised edn. (Leiden: Brill, 2003).

1.4 Comparative gender

• Brewer and Medcalf, ed., Researching the fragments: histories of women in the Asian context (Quezon City, Philippines : New Day Publishers, 2000).
• Bullogh, Vern, and James Brundage, Handbook of medieval sexuality (London: Routledge, 2000).
• Buxbaum, David C., ed. Chinese family law and social change in historical and comparative perspective (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978).
• D'Cruze, Shani, and Anupama Rao, Violence, vulnerability and embodiment: gender and history (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).
• Donald, Moira, and Linda Hurcombe, ed., Representations of gender from prehistory to the present (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
• Garton, Stephen, Histories of sexuality: antiquity to sexual revolution (London: Routledge, 2004).
• Hershatter, Gail, 'State of the field: Women in China's long twentieth century', JAS, 63:4 (2004), 991-1065.
• Johnson, Allan G. The gender knot: unraveling our patriarchal legacy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997).
• Meade, Teresa A., and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, ed. A companion to gender history (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006).
• Ramusack, Barbara and Sharon Sievers, Women in Asia: restoring women to history (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
• Scott, Joan W., 'Feminism's history', Journal of Women's History, 16:2 (2004), 10-29.
• Van Houts, Elizabeth, ed., Medieval memories: men, women and the past, 700-1300 (London: Longman, 2001).
• Zook, M. S., 'Integrating men's history into women's history: a proposition', History Teacher, 35:3 (2002), 373-88.

1.5 Confucianism

• Chan, Alan Kam-leung, and Sor-hoon Tan, Filial piety in Chinese thought and history (London: Routledge, 2004).
• Confucius, The analects trans. in Penguin and by James Legge, The Chinese classics.
• Hammond, Kenneth J., ed., The human tradition in premodern China (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).
• Li Chenyang, ed. The sage and the second sex: Confucianism, ethics, and gender (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 2000).
• Mencius, trans. in Penguin and by James Legge, The Chinese classics.
• Rosenlee, Li-Hsiang Lisa, Confucianism and women: a philosophical interpretation (New York: SUNY Press, 2006).
• Wallacker, Benjamin E., 'Han Confucianism and Confucius in Han', Ancient China: studies in early civilisation, ed. David T. Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1978), pp. 215-28.
• Watson, Burton, trans. Han Fei-tzu: basic writings.
• Wee, C., 'Mencius, the feminine perspective and impartiality', Asian Philosophy, 13:1 (2003), 3-14.

1.6 Daoism, Buddhism and popular religion

• Ch'en, Kenneth K.S., The Chinese transformation of Buddhism (Princeton University Press, 1973).
• Ching, Julia, Chinese religions (London: Macmillan, 1993).
• De Bary, Wm. Theodore, and Irene Bloom, ed., Sources of Chinese tradition, 2nd edn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
• Lagerwey, John, ed. Religion and Chinese society, 2 vols (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2004).
• Laozi (Lao-tzu), Dao de jing (Tao de ching), trans. in Penguin and by Wing-tsit Chan, The way of Lao-tzu.
• Robinet, Isabelle, Taoism: growth of a religion, trans. Phyllis Brooks (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
• Watson, Burton, trans., Chuang-tzu (selected and complete versions).

1.7 Military matters

• Graff, David A., and Robin Higham, ed., A military history of China (Boulder: Westview, 2002).
• Jagchid, Sechin, & Van Jay Simmons, Peace, war and trade along the Great Wall (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
• May, Louise Anne, Worthy warriors and unruly Amazons: sino-western historical accounts and imaginative images of women in battle (University of British Columbia, 1985).
• Mou, Sherry J., 'Women Warriors in China', Chinese Studies in History, 35:2 (2002).
• Sawyer, Ralph, The seven military classics of ancient China (Boulder: Westview, 1993).

1.8 Pre-imperial times

• Dull, Jack, 'Marriage and divorce in Han China: a glimpse at "pre-Confucian" society', Chinese family law and social change in historical and comparative perspective, ed. David C. Buxbaum (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978).
• Goldin, Paul Rakita, The culture of sex in ancient China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002).
• Graham, A.C. Disputers of the Tao: philosophical argument in ancient China (La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1989).
• Hinsch, B., 'The origins of separation of the sexes in China', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 123:3 (2003), 595-616.
• Keightley, David N., 'At the beginning: the status of women in neolithic and Shang China', Nannü, 1:1 (1999), 1-57.
• Roy, David T., and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, ed., Ancient China: studies in early civilisation (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1978).
• Schwartz, Benjamin I., The world of thought in ancient China, London: Belknap, 1985).

2. HAN 漢 DYNASTY (c. 2nd cent. BCE to 2nd cent. CE) – Early Imperial

2.1 General

• Pan Ku, Courtier and commoner in ancient China: selections from the history of the Former Han, trans. Burton Watson (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).
• Pearce, Scott, Audrey G. Spiro and Patricia Buckley Ebrey, ed., Culture and power in the reconstitution of the Chinese realm, 200-600 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Watson, Burton, Records of the Grand historian of China, 2 vols. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961).
• Yü, Y.S., Trade and expansion in Han China: a study in the structure of Sino-barbarian economic relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).

2.2 Court and government

• De Crespigny, Rafe, 'The harem of emperor Huan: a study of court politics in Later Han', PFEH, 12 (1975), 1-42.
• De Crespigny, Rafe, Online publications on the history of Later Han and the third century AD China, http://www.anu.edu.au/asianstudies/decrespigny/
• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'Imperial marriage in the native Chinese and non-Han state, Han to Ming', Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, ed. Rubie S. Watson and Patricia Buckley Ebrey (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 58-96.
• Tao Tien-yi, 'The system of imperial succession during China's Former Han dynasty (206 BC-9 AD)', PFEH, 18 (1978), 171-91.
• Wang Yü-ch'üan, ÔAn outline of the central government of the Former Han dynastyÕ, HJAS, 12 (1949), 134-87.
• Wang, Aihe, Cosmology and political culture in early China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• Ward-Czynska, Bonnie V. 'A political history of the imperial distaff relatives of the Former Han dynasty' (M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1978).
• Yang Lien-sheng, 'Female rulers in imperial China', HJAS, 23 (1960-1), 47-61, repr. Studies of governmental institutions in Chinese history, ed. John L. Bishop (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968).
• Yang Lien-sheng, 'Great families of Eastern Han', Chinese social history, ed. E-tu Sen Sun & John deFrancis (Washington: American Council of Learned Societies, 1956), pp. 103-34.
• Young, Gregory C. 'Court politics in the Later Han: officials and the consort clan, AD 132-44', PFEH 34 (1986), 1-36.

2.3 Political ideas

• Confucius, The analects [Numerous translations in the library, seach on 'analects'].
• de Bary, Wm. Theodore, and Irene Bloom, ed., Sources of Chinese tradition, 2nd edn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
• Hsiao Kung-ch'üan, 'Legalism and autocracy in traditional China', Tsing hua journal of Chinese studies, 4:2 (1964), 108-21.
• Li ji (Li chi, Record of Rites), trans. James Legge.
• Mencius, trans. in Penguin and by James Legge, The Chinese classics.
• Watson, Burton, trans. Han Fei-tzu: basic writings.
• Xunzi (Hsün-tzu) [Search the library catalogue on 'Hsun tzu'].

2.4 Other ideas and beliefs

• Ames, Roger T., 'Taoism and the androgynous ideal', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 21-46.
• Csikszentmihalyi, Mark, Material virtue: ethics and the body in early China (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2004).
• De Bary, Wm. Theodore, and Irene Bloom, ed., Sources of Chinese tradition, 2nd edn (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
• Guisso, Richard W.L., 'Thunder over the lake: the five Classics and the perception of woman in early China', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 47-61.
• Hinsch, Bret, 'Textiles and female virtue in early imperial Chinese historical writing', Nannü 5:2 (2003),
• Lee, Lily, 'Ban Zhao (c. 48-c. 120): her role in the formulation of controls imposed upon women in traditional China', The virtue of Yin: studies on Chinese women (Broadway, NSW: Wild Peony, 1994), pp. 11-24.
• Loewe, Michael, Faith, myth, and reason in Han China (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005).
• Seidel, Anna, 'Tokens of immortality in Han graves', Numen, 29 (1982).

2.5 Law

• Hulsewé, A.F.P., Remnants of Han law (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1955).
• Nylan, M., 'Notes on a case of illicit sex from Zhangjiashan: a translation and commentary', Early China, 30 (2005), 25-46.

2.6 Society

• Brown, Miranda, 'Sons and mothers in Warring States and Han China, 453 BCE-220 CE', Nannü 5:2 (2003),
• Ch'ü, T'ung-tsu, Han social structure, ed. Jack Dull (Seattle: University of Washington, 1972).
• Dull, Jack, 'Marriage and divorce in Han China: a glimpse at 'pre-Confucian' society', Chinese family law and social change in historical and comparative perspective, ed. David C. Buxbaum (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1978).
• Hinsch, Bret, Women in early imperial China (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002).
• Hinsch, Bret, 'Women, kinship, and property as seen in a Han dynasty will', T'oung Pao, 84:1-3 (1998), 1-20.
• Hsü, James H.C., 'Unwanted children and parents: archaeology, epigraphy and the myths of filial piety', Sages and filial sons: mythology and archaeology in ancient China, ed. Julia Ching and R.W.L. Guisso (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1991).
• Knapp, Keith, Selfless offspring: filial children and social order in medieval China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006).
• Loewe, Michael, Everyday life in early imperial China (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2005).
• Rouzer, Paul, Articulated ladies: gender and the male community in early Chinese texts (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Sun Xiao and Pan Shaoping, 'Order and chaos: the social positions of men and women in the Qin, Han and Six Dynasties period', The Chalice and the Blade in Chinese culture: gender relations and social models, ed. Min Jiayin et al. (Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1995), pp. 226-69.
• Swann, Nancy L., Food and money in ancient China (Princeton University Press, 1950).

2.7 Sex

• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking van Gulik again', Nannü, 7:1 (2005), 71-8.
• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking Van Gulik: sexuality and reproduction in traditional Chinese medicine', Engendering China: women culture, and the state, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 125-146.
• Goldin, Paul Rakita, The culture of sex in ancient China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002).
• Harper, Donald, 'The sexual arts of ancient China as described in a manuscript of the second century B.C.', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 47:2 (1987), 539-93.
• Van Gulik, R.H., Sexual life in ancient China: a preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D, revised edn. (Leiden: Brill, 2003).

2.8 War and violence

• Lewis, Mark, Sanctioned violence in early China (New York: State University of New York Press, 1990).
• Loewe, Michael, Crisis and conflict in Han China (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974).
• Loewe, Michael, 'The campaigns of Han Wu-ti', Chinese ways in warfare, ed. Frank Kierman & John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).

2.9 Lives and their representation

• Goodrich, Chauncey S., 'Two chapters in the life of an empress of the Later Han', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 25 (1964-5), 165-177.
• Hinsch, B., 'The criticism of powerful women by Western Han dynasty portent experts', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 49:1/2 (2006), 98-121.
• Liu Xiang, Lienü zhuan, http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/chinese/lienu/browse/Lienu.html
• Murray, J. K., 'The Admonitions Scroll and didactic images of women in early China', Orientations, 32:6 (2001), 35-40.
• O'Hara, Albert Richard, The position of woman in early China according to Liu Hsiang, 79-8 BC, second edn. (Hong Kong: Oriental Publishing Company, 1956).
• Raphals, Lisa, 'Arguments by women in early Chinese texts', Nannü, 3:2 (2001), 157-95.
• Raphals, Lisa, Sharing the light: representations of women and virtue in early China (Albany: SUNY Press, 1998).
• Swann, Nancy Lee, Pan Chao: foremost woman scholar of China (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 2001 [1932]).
• Thomsen, Rudi, Ambition and Confucianism: a biography of Wang Mang (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1988).

3. THE BUDDHIST AGE

TANG (T'ang) 唐 DYNASTY (7th to 10th cents) – Medieval

3.1 Buddhism

• Ch'en, Kenneth K.S., The Chinese transformation of Buddhism (Princeton University Press, 1973).
• Gernet, Jacques, Buddhism in Chinese society: an economic history from the 5th to the 10th centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
• Kieschnick, John, The eminent monk: Buddhist ideals in medieval Chinese hagiography (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997).
• Strickmann, Michel, ed. Bernard Faure, Chinese poetry and prophecy: the written oracle in East Asia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
• Tsai, Kathryn A., 'The Chinese Buddhist monastic order for women: the first two centuries', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 1-20.
• Weinstein, Stanley, Buddhism under the T'ang (Cambridge University Press, 1987).
• Zürcher, Erik, 'Buddhism and education in T'ang times', Neo-Confucian education: the formative stage, ed. Wm. Theodore de Bary, John W. Chaffee (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 19-56.
• Zürcher, Erik, The Buddhist conquest of China, the spread and adaptation of Buddhism in early medieval China, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1959).

3.2 Daoism (Taoism)

• Barrett, T.H., Taoism under the T'ang (London: Wellsweep, 1996).
• Despeux, Catherine, and Livia Kohn, Women in Daoism (Cambridge, Mass.: Three Pines Press, 2003).
• Pregadio, Fabrizio, Great clarity: Daoism and alchemy in early medieval China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
• Stein, Rolf, 'Religious Taoism and popular religion from the second to the seventh centuries', Facets of Taoism, ed. Holmes Welch & Anna Seidel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), pp. 53-81.

3.3 Popular religion

• Cahill, Suzanne, Transcendence and divine passion: the queen mother of the West in medieval China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993).
• Chard, Robert L. 'Folktales on the god of the stove', Chinese Studies, 8 (1990), 149-82.
• Frodsham, J.D., Goddesses, ghosts, and demons, the collected poems of Li Ho (791-817) (Oxford, 1970).
• Mollier, Christine, Buddhism and Taoism face to face: scripture, ritual, and iconographic exchange in medieval China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008).
• Teiser, Stephen, The ghost festival in medieval China (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).

4. SONG (Sung) 宋 DYNASTY (10th to 13th cents) – Middle Period

NB. Some of the readings in this section refer to the 'Conquest dynasties' of Liao, Jin  (Chin) and Yuan (the last of these was founded by the Mongols). These dynasties overlapped significantly or entirely with the Song dynasty, and the last two progressively conquered the Song empire. Influence ran in both directions between Song and its neighbours/rulers.

4.1 Commercial revolution

• Elvin, Mark, The pattern of the Chinese past (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1973).
• Hartwell, Robert M., 'Demographic, political and social transformations of China, 750-1550', HJAS, 42 (1982), 365-442.
• Hartwell, Robert M., 'The evolution of the early Northern Sung monetary system, A.D. 960 - 1025', JAOS, 87:3 (1967), 280-9.
• Ma, Laurence Jun-ch'ao, Commercial development and urban change in Sung China, 960-1279 (1971).

4.2 Technology

• Barrett, T. H., 'Woodblock dyeing and printing technology in China, c. 700 A.D.: the innovations of Ms. Liu and other evidence', BSOAS, 64:2 (2001), 240-7.
• Kuhn, Dieter, 'Silk technology in the Sung period (969-1278 A.D.)', T'oung Pao, 67:1-2 (1981), 48-90.

4.3 Industry

• Hartwell, Robert M., 'A cycle of economic change in imperial China: coal and iron in northeast China, 750 - 1350', JESHO, 10:1 (1967), 103-59.
• Hartwell, Robert M., 'Markets, technology and the structure of enterprise in the development of the eleventh-century Chinese iron and steel industry', The Journal of Economic History, 26 (1966), 29-58.
• Wagner, D. B., 'The administration of the iron industry in eleventh-century China', JESHO, 44:2 (2001), 175-97.

4.4 Commerce

• Deng, Kent G., Maritime sector, institutions and sea power of premodern China (London: Greenwood, 1999).
• Hirth, Friedrich, & W.W. Rockhill, trans. Chau Ju-kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fan-ch' (New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corp, 1966).
• So, Billy, Prosperity, region and institutions in maritime China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2000).
• So, S., and B.K.L. So, 'Population growth and maritime prosperity: the case of Ch'uan-chou in comparative perspective, 946-1368', JESHO, 45:1 (2002), 96-127.

4.5 Government and politics

• Scogin, Hugh, 'Poor relief in northern Sung China', Oriens Extremus, 25:1 (1978), 30-46.
• Chung, Priscilla Ching, Palace women in the northern Sung, 960-1126 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981).
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 'The dynamics of elite domination in Sung China' (review article), HJAS, 48 (1988), 493-519.
• Haeger, John Winthrop, ed., Crisis and prosperity in Sung China (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1975). Ji, Xiao-bin, Politics and conservatism in Northern Song China: the career and thought of Sima Guang (AD 1019-1086) (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2005).
• Liu, James T.C., & Peter J. Golas, ed., Change in Sung China: innovation or renovation? (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath & Co., 1969).
• Lorge, Peter, 'War and the creation of the Northern Song' (PhD Diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1996).
• McNair, Amy, The upright brush: Yan ZhenqingÕs calligraphy and Song literati politics (Honolulu: University of HawaiÕi, 1998).
• Lee, H.-S., 'The emperor's lady ghostwriters in Song-dynasty China', Artibus Asiae, 64:1 (2004), 61-102.

4.6 Song (Sung), Liao and Jin (Chin)

• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'Marriage, kinship and succession under the Ch'i-tan rulers of the Liao dynasty (907-1125)', T'oung Pao, 72 (1986), 44-91.
• Rossabi, Morris, ed., China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th to 14th centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
• Tao Jing-shen, The Jurchen in twelfth-century China: a study of sinicization (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976).
• Tao Jing-shen, 'Yü Ching and Sung policies toward Liao and Hsia, 1042-44', JAS, 6:2 (1972), 114-22.
• Tao, Jing-shen, Two Sons of heaven: studies in Sung-Liao relations (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988).

4.7 Loyalty

• Davis, Richard L., Wind against the mountain: the crisis of politics and culture in thirteenth-century China (Cambridge, Mass: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1996).
• De Rachewiltz, Igor, 'Personnel and personalities in north China in the early Mongol period', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 9 (1966), 88-144.
• Jay, Jennifer W., A change in dynasties: loyalism in thirteenth century (Bellingham, Wash: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 1991).
• Jay, Jennifer, 'Memoirs and official accounts: the historiography of the Song loyalists', HJAS, 50:2 (1990), 589-612.
• Mote, Frederick W., 'Confucian eremitism in the Yüan period', The Confucian Persuasion, ed. Arthur F. Wright (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), pp. 202-40.
• Wang Gungwu, 'Feng Tao: an essay on Confucian loyalty', Confucian personalities, ed. Arthur Wright and Denis Twitchett (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1962), pp. 123-45.

4.8 The Song, the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty

• Aubin, Françoise, 'The rebirth of Chinese rule in times of trouble: north China in the early thirteenth century', Foundations and limits of state power in China, ed. Stuart Schram (London: SOAS, 1987), pp. 113-46.
• Dardess, J., Conquerors and Confucians: aspects of political change in late Yüan China (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973).
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Maggie Bickford, ed., Emperor Huizong and late Northern Song China: the politics of culture and the culture of politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006).
• Endicott-West, Elizabeth, Mongolian rule in China: local administration in the Yuan dynasty, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
• Langlois, John D., ed., China under Mongol rule (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).
• Smith, Paul J., 'Fear of gynarchy in an age of chaos: Kong Qi's reflections on life in south China under Mongol rule', JESHO, 41:1 (1998), 1-95.

4.9 Families

• Bossler, Beverly J., Powerful relations: kinship, status and the state in Sung China (960-1279) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998).
• Davis, Richard L., Court and family in Sung China, 960-1279: bureaucratic success and kinship fortunes for the Shih of Ming-chou (Durham: Duke University Press, 1986).
• Ebrey, Patricia, 'Women in the kinship system of the Southern Song upper class', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 113-28.
• Hymes, Robert, Statesmen and gentlemen: the elite of Fu-chou, Chiang-hsi in Northern and Southern Song (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
• Twitchett, Denis, 'Documents on clan administration I: the rules of administration of the charitable estate of the Fan clan', Asia Major, ser. 3, 8 (1960), 1-35.
• Walton, Linda, 'Kinship, marriage and status in Song China: a study of the Lou lineage of Ningbo, c. 1050-1250', Journal of Asian History, 18:1 (1984), 35-77.

4.10 Society and culture

• Bray, Francesca, Technology and gender: fabrics of power in late imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). 
• Ebrey, Patricia, 'Concubines in Sung China', Journal of Family History,11 (1986), 1-24.
• Ebrey, Patricia, The inner quarters: marriage and the lives of Chinese women in the Sung period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
• Gernet, Jacques, Daily life in China on the eve of the Mongol invasion, trans. H.M. Wright (New York: Macmillan, 1962).
• Hansen, Valerie, Changing gods in medieval China, 1127-1276, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
• Hansson, Anders, Chinese outcasts: discrimination and emancipation in late imperial China (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996).
• Ko, Dorothy, Every step a lotus: shoes for bound feet (Berkeley: University of California, 2001) [beginning].
• Lee, T.H.C., 'The social significance of the quota system in Sung civil service  examinations', Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies, 13 (1982), 287-317.
• Liu, James T.C., 'Polo and cultural change: from T'ang to Sung China', HJAS, 45:1 (1985), 203-224.

4.11 Law

• Hanan, Patrick, 'Judge Bao's hundred cases reconstructed', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 40:2 (1980), 301-23.     
• Jay, Jennifer W., 'Prefaces, jottings and legal proceedings on women in thirteenth-century south China', Chinese Culture, 32:4 (1991), 41-56.
• Langlois, John D., Jr., '"Living law" in Sung and Yuan jurisprudence', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 41:1 (1981), 165-217.
• McKnight, Brian E., Law and order in Sung China (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
• McKnight, Brian E., 'Patterns of law and patterns of thought: notes on the specifications shih of Sung China', JAOS, 102:2 (1982), 323-31.
• McKnight, Brian, and James T.C. Liu, trans., The enlightened judgments, Ch'ing-ming chi: the Sung dynasty collection (Albany: SUNY Press, 1999).
• Miyazaki, Ichisada, 'The administration of justice during the Song dynasty', Essays on China's legal tradition, ed. Jerome Alan Cohen, R. Randle Edwards and Fu-mei Chang Chen (Princeton University Press, 1986).
• Wallacker, Benjamin E., 'The poet as jurist: Po Chu-i and a case of conjugal homicide', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 41:2 (1981), 507-26.

4.12 Lives and their representation

• Chaffee, John W., 'The marriage of Sung imperial clanswomen', Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, ed. Rubie S. Watson & Patricia Buckley Ebrey, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 133-169.
• Ching, Julia, 'Li Ch'ing-chao', Sung biographies, ed. Herbert Franke, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1976), pp. 530-9.
• Franke, Herbert, 'Women under the dynasties of conquest', La donna nella Cina Imperiale e nella Cina Republicana, ed. Lionello Lanciotti (Firenze: Leo S. Olschki editore, 1980), pp. 23-43.
• Hu P'in-ch'ing, Li Ch'ing-chao (New York, 1966).
• Yu, Pauline, Voices of the song lyric in China (Berkeley: University of California, 1994).

4.13 Property

• Bernhardt, Kathryn, 'The inheritance rights of daughters: the Song anomaly?' Modern China, 21:3 (1995), 269-309.
• Bernhardt, Kathryn, Women and property in China, 960-1949 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
• Birge, Bettine, 'Women and Confucianism from Song to Ming: the institutionalization of patrilineality', The Song-Yuan-Ming transition in Chinese history, ed. Paul J. Smith and Richard von Glahn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Asia Center, 2003), pp. 212-40.
• Birge, Bettine, Women, property and Confucian reaction in Sung and Yüan China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
• Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, 'Shifts in marriage finance from the sixth to the thirteenth century', Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, ed. Rubie S. Watson & Patricia Buckley Ebrey (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 97-132.
• Ebrey, Patricia, Family and property in Sung China: Yüan Ts'ai's precepts for social life (Princeton University Press, 1984).
• Hansen, Valerie, Negotiating daily life in traditional China: how ordinary people used contracts, 600-1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'Observations on marriage and inheritance practices in early Mongol and Yüan society, with particular reference to the levirate', Journal of Asian History, 20:2 (1986), 127-92.

4.14 Ideas (especially neo-Confucianism)

• Birge, Bettine, 'Chu Hsi and women's education', Neo-Confucian education: the formative stage, ed. Wm Theodore de Bary and John Chaffee (Berkeley: University of California, 1989), pp. 325-67.
• Davis, R. L., 'Chaste and filial women in Chinese historical writings of the eleventh century', JAOS, 121:2 (2001), 204-18.
• De Weerdt, H., Negotiating standards for the civil service examinations in imperial China (1127-1279) (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007).
• Ebrey, Patricia, 'Conceptions of the family in the Sung dynasty', JAS, 43 (1984), 219-45.
• Gardner, Daniel K., 'Transmitting the Way: Chu Hsi and his program of learning', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 49:1 (1989), 141-72.                                                 
• Gardner, Daniel K., Chu Hsi: Learning to be a sage. Selections from the Conversations of Master Chu, arranged topically (Berkeley: University of California, 1990).
• Hui, Y., 'The Admonitions Scroll: a Song version', Orientations, 32:6 (2001), 41-51.
• Liu, James T.C., China turning inward: intellectual-political changes in the early twelfth century (Harvard University Press, 1988).
• Murck, Alfreda, 'Images that admonish', Orientations, 32:6 (2001), 52-7.
• Watson, Rubie, & Patricia Ebrey, Confucianism and family rituals in imperial China (Princeton University Press, 1991).

4.15 Religion

• Davis, Edward L., Society and the supernatural in Song China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2001).
• Halperin, M., Out of the cloister: literati perspectives on Buddhism in Sung China, 960-1279 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006).
• Hymes, Robert, Way and byway: Taoism, local religion, and models of divinity in Sung and modern China (Berkeley: University of California, 2002).
• Liu, H., 'Empress Liu's icon of Maitreya: portraiture and privacy at the early Song court', Artibus Asiae, 63:2 (2003), 129-90.
• Weidner, Marsha, ed. Cultural intersections in later Chinese Buddhism (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001).
• Yü, Chün-fang, Kuan-yin, the Chinese transformation of Avalokitesvara (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).

5. MING 明 DYNASTY (14th to 17th cents) – Late Imperial I

DO NOT USE Gavin Menzies, 1421: the year China discovered America (London: Transworld, 2002). The book is fiction, not history. See http://www.1421exposed.com/

5.1 The state

• Brook, Timothy, The Chinese state in Ming society (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004).
• Cammann, Schuyler, 'Presentation of dragon robes by the Ming and Ch'ing courts for diplomatic purposes', Sinologica: review of Chinese culture and science, 3 (1953), 193-202.
• Chang Der-lang, 'The village elder system of the early Ming dynasty', Ming Studies, 7 (1978), 53-72.
• Chang, K.-i. S., 'Women's poetic witnessing: late Ming and late Qing examples', Dynastic crisis and cultural innovation from the late Ming to the late Qing and beyond (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 504-22.
• Dreyer, Edward, Early Ming China: a political history, 1355-1435 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982).
• Hu, S.-c., 'The daughter's vision of national crisis: Tianyuhua and a woman writer's construction of the late Ming', Dynastic crisis and cultural innovation from the late Ming to the late Qing and beyond (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 200-34.
• Huang, Ray, 1587, a year of no significance: the Ming dynasty in decline (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
• Schneewind, Sarah, A tale of two melons: emperor and subject in Ming China (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006).
• Soulliere, Ellen, 'Imperial women in the history of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)', Stereotypes of women in power: historical perspectives and revisionist views, ed. Barbara Garlick, Suzanne Dixon and Pauline Allen (London: Greenwood, 1992), pp. 121-140.
• Soulliere, Ellen, 'The imperial marriages of the Ming dynasty', PFEH, 37 (1988), 15-42.
• Tsai, Henry Shih-shan, Perpetual happiness: the Ming emperor Yongle (Seattle: University of Washington, 2002).
• Tsurumi Naohiro, 'Rural control in the Ming dynasty', trans. Timothy Brook and James Cole, State and society in China: Japanese perspectives on Ming-Qing social and economic history, ed. Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984), pp. 245-77.

5.2 Expansion and military matters

• Johnston, Alastair I., Cultural realism: strategic culture and grand strategy in Chinese history (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
• Levathes, Louise, When China ruled the seas: the treasure fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
• Liew, Foon Ming, The treatises on military affairs of the Ming dynastic history (1368-1644) (Hamburg: Gesellschaft für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ostasiens, 1998).
• May, Louise Anne, Worthy warriors and unruly Amazons: sino-western historical accounts and imaginative images of women in battle (University of British Columbia, 1985).
• Mote, Frederick, 'The T'u-mu incident of 1449', Chinese ways in warfare, ed. Frank Kierman and John Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 243-72.
• Shin, Leo K., The making of the Chinese state: ethnicity and expansion on the Ming borderlands (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
• Spence, Jonathan D., and John E. Wills. Jr., ed. From Ming to Ching: conquest, region, and continuity in seventeenth-century China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979).
• Suryadinata, Leo, Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia (Singapore: ISEAS, 2006).
• Waldron, Arthur, The Great Wall of China: from history to myth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• Wilkinson, Wade, 'Newly discovered Ming military registers', Ming Studies, 3 (1976), 36-45.

5.3 Law and policing

• Dray-Novey, Alison, 'Spatial order and police in Imperial Beijing', JAS, 52:4 (1993), 897-902.
• Farmer, Edward L., Zhu Yuanzhang and early Ming legislation: the reordering of Chinese society following the era of Mongol rule (Leiden: Brill, 1995).
• Farmer, Edward, 'Social regulation of the first Ming emperor: orthodoxy as a function of authority', Orthodoxy in late imperial China, ed. Liu Kwang-ching (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 103-25.
• Higgins, Roland, 'Pirates in gowns and caps: gentry law-breaking in the mid-Ming', Ming Studies, 10 (1980), 30-37.
• Langlois, John, 'The Code and ad hoc legislation in Ming law', Asia Major (3rd ser.), 6:2 (1993), 85-112.
• Robinson, David, 'Politics, force and ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the abortive coup of 1461', HJAS, 59:1 (1999), 79-123.
• Serruys, Henry, 'Foreigners in the metropolitan police during the fifteenth century', Oriens Extremus, 8:1 (1961), 59-83.
• Waltner, Ann, 'Breaking the law: family violence, gender and hierarchy in the legal code of the Ming dynasty', Ming Studies, 36 (1996), 29-43.

5.4 Thought

• Ching, Julia, To acquire wisdom: the way of Wang Yang-ming (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976).
• Chu Hung-lam, 'Intellectual trends in the fifteenth century', Ming Studies, 27 (1989), 1-33.
• De Bary, Wm. Theodore, and Irene Bloom, ed., Principle and practicality: essays in Neo-Confucianism and practical learning (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979).
• Gardner, Daniel K., The Four Books: Confucian teachings in late imperial China (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2006).
• Handlin, Joanna F., 'Lü K'un's new audience: the influence of women's literacy on sixteenth-century thought', Women in Chinese society, ed. Margery Wolf & Roxane Witke (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), pp. 13-38.

5.5 Learning, education and the examinations

• Brokaw, Cynthia J., and Kai-wing Chow, ed., Printing and book culture in late Imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
• De Weerdt, H., 'Changing minds through examinations: examination critics in late imperial China', Journal of the American Oriental Society, 126:3 (2006), 367-78.
• Elman, Benjamin, & Alexander Woodside, ed. Education and society in late imperial China, 1600-1900 (Berkeley: University of California, 1994).
• Elman, Benjamin, A cultural history of civil service examinations in late imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
• Ho Pingti, The ladder of success in imperial China: aspects of social mobility, 1368-1911  (New York: Columbia University Press, 1962).
• Lee, Thomas H.C., Education in traditional China: a history (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000).
• Miyazaki, Ichisada, China's examination hell: the civil service examinations of imperial China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
• Plaks, Andrew, 'The prose of our time', The power of culture: studies in Chinese cultural history, ed. Willard Peterson, Andrew Plaks, and Ying-shih Yu (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1994), pp. 206-17.             
• Schneewind, Sarah, Community schools and the state in Ming China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
• Song, Geng, The fragile scholar: power and masculinity in Chinese culture (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004).
• T'ien Ju-k'ang, Male anxiety and female chastity: a comparative study of Chinese ethical values in Ming-Ch'ing times (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988).

5.6 Eunuchs

• Crawford, Robert, 'Eunuch power in the Ming dynasty', T'oung Pao, 49:3 (1961), 115-148.
• Huang, Martin W., Negotiating masculinities in late imperial China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006).
• Robinson, David, 'Notes on Hebei eunuchs during the mid-Ming', Ming Studies, 34 (1995), 1-16.
• Tsai, Shih-shan Henry, The eunuchs of the Ming dynasty (Albany: SUNY Press, 1996).

5.7 Resistance

• Chen, Kuo-tung, 'Temple lamentation and robe burning - gestures of social protest in seventeenth-century China', trans. James Greenbaum, East Asian History, 15-16 (1998), 33-52.
• Fuma Susumu, 'Late Ming urban reform and the popular uprising in Hangzhou', trans. Michael Lewis, Cities of Jiangnan in late imperial China, ed. Linda Cooke Johnson (Albany: SUNY, 1993), pp. 47-80.
• Overmyer, Daniel L., 'Attitudes toward the ruler and state in Chinese popular religious literature: sixteenth and seventeenth century pao-chuan', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 44:2 (1984), 347-79.
• Parsons, James, The peasant rebellions of the late Ming dynasty (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1970).
• Robinson, Daniel, Bandits, eunuchs and the Son of Heaven: rebellion and the economy of violence in mid-Ming China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001).
• Tanaka Masatoshi, 'Popular uprisings, rent resistance, and bondservant rebellions in the late Ming', State and society in China: Japanese perspectives on Ming-Qing social and economic history, ed. Linda Grove and Christian Daniels (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984), pp. 165-214.

5.8 Banditry, piracy and violence

• Antony, Robert J., Like froth floating on the sea: the world of pirates and seafarers in late imperial South China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
• Boretz, Avron, 'Martial arts and magic swords: identity, myth and violence in Chinese popular religion', Journal of Popular Culture, 29:1 (1995), 93-104.
• Brandauer, Frederick, 'Violence and Buddhist idealism in the Xiyou novels', Violence in China: essays in culture and counter-culture, ed. Lipman and Harrell (Albany: SUNY, 1990), pp. 115-148.
• Rowe, William T., Crimson raid: seven centuries of violence in a Chinese county (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
• So, Kwan Wai, Japanese piracy in Ming China during the 16th century (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1975).
• Struve, Lynn, ed., Voices from the Ming-Qing cataclysm: China in tigers' jaws (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
• Tong, James, Disorder under heaven: collective violence in the Ming dynasty (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991).
• Von Glahn, Richard, 'Municipal reform and urban social conflict in late Ming Jiangnan', JAS, 50:2 (1991), 280-307.

5.9 Heroism

• Li, Xiaorong, 'Engendering heroism: Ming-Qing women's song lyrics to the tune Man jiang hong', Nannü, 7:1 (2005), 1-39.
• Ma, Y.M., 'The knights-errant in hua-pen stories', T'oung Pao, 61 (1975), 266-300.
• Shi Nai-an, and Luo Guanzhong, Outlaws of the marsh, trans. Sidney Shapiro (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1980).

5.10 Economic affairs

• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'Observations on marriage and inheritance practices in early Mongol and Yüan society, with particular reference to the levirate', Journal of Asian History, 20:2 (1986), 127-92.
• Huang, Philip C.C., The peasant economy and social change in north China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985).
• Huang, Philip C.C., The peasant family and rural development in the Yangzi delta, 1350-1988 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).
• Huang, Ray, Taxation and governmental finance in sixteenth-century China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974).
• Li Bozhong, Agricultural development in Jiangnan, 1620-1850 (London: St Martin's, 1998).
• Lu, Hanchao, Street criers: a cultural history of Chinese beggars (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
• Marks, Robert, Tigers, rice, silk, and silt: environment and economy in late imperial south China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
• Marmé, Michael, Suzhou: where the goods of all the provinces converge (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
• Meskill, John, Ch'oe P'u's diary: a record of drifting across the sea (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1965).
• Perkins, Dwight H., Agricultural development in China, 1368-1968 (Chicago: Aldine, 1969).

5.11 Society

• Brook, Timothy, and B. Michael Frolic, ed., Civil society in China (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997).
• Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang, Crisis and transformation in seventeenth century China: society, culture, and modernity in Li Yu's world (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).
• Geiss, James, 'The leopard quarter during the Cheng-te reign', Ming Studies, 24 (1987), 1-38.
• Nimick, Thomas, 'Ch'i Chi-kuang and I-wu county', Ming Studies, 34 (1995), 17-29.
• Ricci, Matteo, and Nicola Trigault, China in the sixteenth century: the journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583-1610 trans. Louis Gallagher (New York: Random House, 1953).
• Spence, J., 'Cliffhanger days: a Chinese family in the seventeenth century', American Historical Review, 110:1 (2005), 1-10.
• Yang Ye, trans., Vignettes from the late Ming: a hsiao-p'in anthology (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).

5.12 Kinship and social status

• Brook, Timothy, The confusions of pleasure: commerce and culture in Ming China (Berkeley: University of California, 1998).
• Clunas, Craig, Superfluous things: material culture and social status in early modern China (Oxford: Polity Press, 1991).
• Dardess, John, A Ming society: T'ai-ho county, Kiangsi, 14th to 17th centuries (Berkeley: University of California, 1997).
• Dennerline, Jerry, 'Marriage, adoption and charity in the development of lineages in Wu hsi from Sung to Ch'ing', Kinship organisation in late imperial China, 1000-1940, ed. Patricia Buckley Ebrey & James L. Watson (Berkeley: University of California, 1986), pp. 188-94.
• Vollmer, John, Clothed to rule the universe: Ming and Qing dynasty textiles at the Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago in association with University of Washington Press, 2000).
• Zheng Zhenman, Family lineage organization and social change in Ming and Qing Fujian (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2001).

5.13 Neo-Confucian virtues

• Carlitz, Katherine, 'Desire, danger, and the body: stories of women's virtue in late Ming China', Engendering China:women, culture, and the state, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, et al (London: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 101-24.
• Carlitz, Katherine, 'Shrines, governing-class identity, and the cult of widow fidelity in mid-Ming Jiangnan', JAS, 56:3 (1997), 612-640.
• Carlitz, Katherine, 'The social uses of female virtue in late Ming editions of Lienü zhuan', Late Imperial China, 12:2 (1991), 117-152.
• Cass, Victoria, Dangerous women: warriors, grannies and geishas of the Ming (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
• De Bary, Wm. Theodore, Self and society in Ming thought (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).
• Elvin, Mark, 'Female virtue and the state in China', Past & Present, 104 (1984), 111-52.
• Gilmartin, Christina K., et al, eds, Engendering China: women, culture, and the state (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
• Guo, Qitao, Ritual opera and mercantile lineage: the Confucian transformation of popular culture in late imperial Huizhou (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
• Kutcher, Norman A., Mourning in late imperial China: filial piety and the state (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• T'ien Ju-k'ang, Male anxiety and female chastity: a comparative study of Chinese ethical values in Ming-Ch'ing times (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988).
• Waltner, Ann, 'Widows and remarriage in Ming and early Qing China', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 129-46.

5.14 Buddhism

• Brandauer, Frederick, 'Violence and Buddhist idealism in the Xiyou novels', Violence in China: essays in culture and counter-culture, ed. Lipman and Harrell (Albany: SUNY, 1990), pp. 115-148.
• Brook, Timothy, Praying for power: Buddhism and the formation of gentry society in late-Ming China (Cambridge: Harvard-Yenching Institute, 1993).

5.15 Popular religion

• Boretz, Avron, 'Martial arts and magic swords: identity, myth and violence in Chinese popular religion', Journal of Popular Culture, 29:1 (1995), 93-104.
• Brokaw, Cynthia, 'Yuan Huang (1533-1606) and the Ledgers of merit and demerit', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 47:1 (1987), 137-95.    
• Glahn, Richard Von, 'The enchantment of wealth: the god Wutong in the social history of Jiangnan', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 51:2 (1991), 651-714.
• Guo Qitao, Exorcism and money: the symbolic world of the five-fury spirits in late imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
• Hamashima Atsutoshi, 'The city-god temples (Ch'eng-huang miao) of Chiangnan in the Ming and Ch'ing dynasties', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, 50 (1992), 1-27.
• Kang, Xiaofei, The cult of the fox: power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).
• Taylor, Romeyn, 'Ming T'ai-tsu and the gods of the walls and moats', Ming Studies, 4 (1977), 31-49.
• Taylor, Romeyn, 'Official and popular religion and the political organisation of Chinese society in the Ming', Orthodoxy in late imperial China, ed. Liu Kwang-ching (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), pp. 126-57.
• Zeitlin, J.T., 'The life and death of the image: ghosts and portraits in Chinese literature, Body and face in Chinese visual culture, ed. Wu Hung and Katherine Tsiang (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 229-56.

5.16 Lives and relationships

• Cass, Victoria B., 'Female healers in the Ming and the lodge of ritual and ceremony', Journal of the American Oriental Society 106:1 (1986), 233-240.
• Chang, K'ang-i Sun, The late-Ming poet Ch'en Tzu-lung: crises of love and loyalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
• Dauncey, Sarah, 'Bonding, benevolence, barter, and bribery: images of female gift exchange in the Jin Ping Mei', Nannü, 5:2 (2003), 202-39.
• Furth, Charlotte, 'Androgynous males and deficient females: biology and gender boundaries in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century China', Late Imperial China, 9:2 (1988), 1-31.
• Ko, Dorothy, Teachers of the inner chambers: women and culture in seventeenth-century China, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
• Waltner, Ann, 'T'an-yang-tzu and Wang Shih-chen: visionary and bureaucrat in the late Ming', Late Imperial China 8:1 (1987), 105-33.
• Widmer, Ellen, 'The epistolary world of female talent in seventeenth-century China', Late Imperial China, 10:2 (1989), 1-43.
• Wu, Yenna, 'The inversion of marital hierarchy: shrewish wives and henpecked husbands in seventeenth-century Chinese literature', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 48:2 (1988), 363-82.           
• Wu, Yenna, Ameliorative satire and the seventeeth-century Chinese novel, Xingshi yinyuan zhuan - marriage as retribution, awakening the world (Lewiston, Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 1999).

5.17 Sex and love

5.17.1 Ming texts

• Hanan, Patrick, 'The Making of the pearl-sewn shirt and The courtesan's jewel box', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 33 (1973), 124-53.
• Hanan, Patrick, trans., The sea of regret: two turn-of-the-century Chinese romantic novels (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 1995).
• Li Yu, The carnal prayer mat, trans. Patrick Hanan (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1996).
• Stone, Charles R., trans. The fountainhead of Chinese erotica: The lord of perfect satisfaction (Ruyijun zhuan) (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2003).
• Tang Xianzu (T'ang Hsien-tsu), The peony pavilion, trans. Cyril Birch (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980). Also known as: Mudan ting/Mu-tan t'ing.
• Xiao Xiaosheng (Hsiao Hsiao-sheng), The golden lotus; a translation, from the Chinese original, of the novel Chin P'ing Mei, trans. Clement Egerton (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972). Also known as: The plum in the golden vase, Jin ping mei.

5.17.2 Modern scholarship

• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking van Gulik again', Nannü, 7:1 (2005), 71-8.
• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking Van Gulik: sexuality and reproduction in traditional Chinese medicine', Engendering China: women culture, and the state, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel and Tyrene White (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 125-146.
• Huang, Martin, Desire and fictional narrative in late imperial China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Huntington, Rania, Alien kind: foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003).
• Maliavin, Vladimir, 'Love unto death: passion and reason in late Ming China', Journal of Chinese Philosophy , 26:3 (1999), 265-294.
• Van Gulik, R.H., Sexual life in ancient China: a preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D, revised edn. (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
• Volpp, Sophie, 'Classifying lust: the seventeenth-century vogue for male love', HJAS, 61:1 (2001), 77-118.
• Wu, H. Lara, '"Through the prism of male writing": representation of lesbian love in Ming-Qing literature', Nannü, 4:1 (2002), 1-34.
• Zhou, Zuyan, Androgyny in late Ming and early Qing literature (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003).

5.18 Representation in the arts and popular culture

• Birch, Cyril, trans., Scenes for mandarins: the elite theater of the Ming (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
• Clunas, Craig, Pictures and visuality in early modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
• Epstein, M., Competing discourses: orthodoxy, authenticity, and engendered meanings in late imperial Chinese fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Grant, Beata, and Wilt Idema, ed., The red brush: writing women of imperial China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
• Li, W.-y., 'Women as emblems of dynastic fall in Qing literature', Dynastic crisis and cultural innovation from the late Ming to the late Qing and beyond (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 93-150.
• McLaren, Anne E., Chinese popular culture and Ming chantefables (Leiden: Brill, 1998).
• Widmer, Ellen, and Kang-i Sun Chang, ed. Writing women in late imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
• Zeitlin, J.T., 'The return of the palace lady: the historical ghost story and dynastic fall', Dynastic crisis and cultural innovation from the late Ming to the late Qing and beyond (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005) pp. 151-199.
• Zeitlin, Judith T., 'Shared dreams: the story of the Three wives' commentary on The peony pavilion', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 54:1 (1994), 127-79.

6. QING (Ch'ing) 清 DYNASTY (17th to 18th cents) – Late Imperial II

(or Early Modern)

6.1 Economics

• Antony, Robert J., Like froth floating on the sea: the world of pirates and seafarers in late imperial South China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
• Guo Qitao, Exorcism and money: the symbolic world of the five-fury spirits in late imperial China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).
• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'The economic foundations of virtue: widow-remarriage in early and modern China', Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 13 (1985), 1-27.
• Huang, Philip C.C., The peasant family and rural development in the Yangzi delta, 1350-1988 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990).
• Li Bozhong, Agricultural development in Jiangnan, 1620-1850 (London: St Martin's, 1998).
• Li, Lillian M. Fighting famine in North China: state, market, and environmental decline, 1690s-1990s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006).
• Perkins, Dwight H., Agricultural development in China, 1368-1968 (Chicago: Aldine, 1969).
• Shih Min-hsiung, The silk industry in Ch'ing China (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1976).
• Zelin, Madeleine, Jonathan K. Ocko and Robert P. Gardella, ed., Contract and property in early modern China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).

6.2 The state

• Antony, Robert J., and Jane Kate Leonard, ed. Dragons, tigers, and dogs: Qing crisis management and the boundaries of state power in late imperial China (Ithaca: Cornell, 2002).
• Berger, Patricia Ann, Empire of emptiness: Buddhist art and political authority in Qing China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003).
• Chung, Anita, Drawing boundaries: architectural images in Qing China (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004).
• Elvin, Mark, 'Female virtue and the state in China', Past & Present, 104 (1984), 111-52.
• Kuhn, Philip, Soulstealers: the Chinese sorcery scare of 1768 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).
• Kutcher, Norman A., Mourning in late imperial China: filial piety and the state (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
• Metropolitan Museum of Art and Columbia University, 'Recording the grandeur of the Qing: the southern inspection tour scrolls of the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, http://www.learn.columbia.edu/nanxuntu/start.html
• Reed, Bradly W., Talons and teeth: county clerks and runners in the Qing dynasty (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000).
• Spence, Jonathan, and John E. Wills. Jr., ed., From Ming to Ching: conquest, region, and continuity in seventeenth-century China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979).
• Wakeman, Frederic, The great enterprise: the Manchu reconstruction of imperial order in 17th century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
• Will, Pierre-Etienne, & R. Bin Wong, Nourish the people: the state civilian granary system in China, 1650-1850 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1991).

6.3 Loyalism and dissenting ideas

• Chen, Kuo-tung, 'Temple lamentation and robe burning – gestures of social protest in seventeenth-century China', trans. James Greenbaum, East Asian History, 15-16 (1998), 33-52.
• Epstein, M., Competing discourses: orthodoxy, authenticity, and engendered meanings in late imperial Chinese fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Fisher, Tom, 'Loyalist alternatives in the early Ch'ing', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 44:1 (1984), 83-122.
• Kessler, Lawrence D., 'Chinese scholars and the early Manchu state', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 31 (1971), 179-200.
• Various authors, Nannü special issue - Passionate women: Female suicide in late imperial China, Nannü, 3:1 (2001).

6.4 Thought

• Elman, Benjamin, Classicism, politics and kinship: the Ch'ang-chou school of New Text Confucianism in late imperial China (Berkeley: University of California, 1990).
• Elman, Benjamin, From philosophy to philology: social and intellectual aspects of change in late imperial China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1984, 1990).
• Ho, Clare Wing-chung, 'The cultivation of female talent: views on women's education in China during the early and high Qing periods', JESHO, 38:2 (1995), 191-223.
• Lackner, Michael, and Natascha Vittinghoff, ed. Mapping meanings: the field of new learning in late Qing China (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2004).
• Mann, Susan, ''Fuxue' (women's learning) by Zhang Xuecheng (1738-1801): China's first history of women's culture', Late Imperial China, 13:1 (1992), 40-62.
• Ropp, Paul S., 'The seeds of change: reflections on the condition of women in the early and mid-Ch'ing', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2:1 (1976), 5-23.
• Rowe, William T., Saving the world: Chen Hongmou and elite consciousness in eighteenth-century China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001).
• Struve, Lynn A., 'The Hsü brothers and semiofficial patronage of scholars in the K'ang-hsi period', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 42:1 (1982), 231-66.

6.5 Education

6.5.1 The examinations

• Elman, Benjamin, & Alexander Woodside, ed. Education and society in late imperial China, 1600-1900 (Berkeley: University of California, 1994).
• Lee, Thomas H.C., Education in traditional China: a history (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2000).
• Man-Cheong, Iona D., The class of 1761: examinations, state and elite in eighteenth century China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004).
• Miyazaki Ichisada, China's examination hell: the civil service examinations of imperial China (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981).
• Rawski, Evelyn, Education and popular literacy in Ch'ing China (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1979).
• T'ien Ju-k'ang, Male anxiety and female chastity: a comparative study of Chinese ethical values in Ming-Ch'ing times (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1988).

6.5.2 Women's learning

• Fong, Grace S., Herself an author: gender, agency, and writing in late imperial China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008).
• Grant, Beata, and Wilt Idema, ed., The red brush: writing women of imperial China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
• Ko, Dorothy, 'Pursuing talent and virtue: education and women's culture in seventeenth and eighteenth-century China', Late Imperial China, 13:1 (1992), 9-39.
• Ko, Dorothy, Teachers of the inner chambers: women and culture in seventeenth-century China, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994).
• Mann, Susan, 'Learned women in the eighteenth century', Engendering China:women, culture, and the state, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, et al (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 27-46.
• Mann, Susan, Precious records: women in China's long 18th century (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
• Widmer, Ellen, and Kang-i Sun Chang, ed. Writing women in late imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).

6.6 Marriage and families

• Mann, Susan, 'Grooming a daughter for marriage: brides and wives in the mid-Ch'ing period', Marriage and inequality in Chinese society, ed. Rubie S. Watson & Patricia Buckley Ebrey (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 204-31.
• Mann, Susan, 'Widows in the kinship, class and community structures of Qing dynasty China', JAS, 46 (1987), 37-55.
• Pu Songling, The bonds of matrimony = Hsing-shih yin-yüan chuan (vol. one): a seventeenth-century Chinese novel (Lewiston, Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 1995).
• Theiss, Janet M., Disgraceful matters: the politics of chastity in eighteenth-century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).
• Wu, Yenna, 'The inversion of marital hierarchy: shrewish wives and henpecked husbands in seventeenth-century Chinese literature', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 48:2 (1988), 363-82.
• Zheng Zhenman, Family lineage organization and social change in Ming and Qing Fujian (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2001).

6.7 Sexuality

6.7.1 The law

• Meijer, M.J. 'Homosexual offences in Ch'ing law', T'oung Pao, 71 (1985), 109-33.
• Meijer, M.J., 'The price of a p'ai-lou', T'oung Pao, 67:3-5 (1981), 288-304.
• Ng, Vivien, 'Ideology and sexuality: rape laws in Qing China', JAS, 46 (1987), 57-70.
• Sommer, M., Sex, law and society in late imperial China (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002).

6.7.2 Representations

• Padermi, Paolo, 'Fighting for love: male jealousy in eighteenth-century China', Nannü, 4:1 (2002), 35-69.
• Wu, H. Lara, ''Through the prism of male writing': representation of lesbian love in Ming-Qing literature', Nannü, 4:1 (2002), 1-34.
• Yee, Angelina C., 'Self, sexuality, and writing in Honglou meng', Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 55:2 (1995), 373-407.

6.8 Lives

• Di Cosmo, Nicola, trans. The diary of a Manchu soldier in seventeenth-century China: 'My service in the army', by Dzengöeo (London: Routledge, 2006).
• Lee, Lily Xiao Hong, A.D. Stefanowska, and Clara Wing-chun Ho, ed., Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: the Qing period, 1644-1911 ( London : M.E. Sharpe, 1998).
• Mann, Susan, The talented women of the Zhang family (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). [Make sure you stop at 1800].
• Murray, Dian, 'One woman's rise to power: Cheng I's wife and the pirates', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso & Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 147-63.
• Spence, Jonathan, The death of woman Wang (New York: Penguin, 1978).
• Struve, Lynn, ed., Voices from the Ming-Qing cataclysm: China in tigers' jaws (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

6.9 Footbinding

• Furth, Charlotte, 'Rethinking Van Gulik: sexuality and reproduction in traditional Chinese medicine', 125-146.
• Ko, Dorothy, Cinderella's sisters: a revisionist history of footbinding (Berkeley: University of California, 2005).
• Ko, Dorothy, Every step a lotus: shoes for bound feet (Berkeley: University of California, 2001).
• Levy, Howard, The lotus lovers: the complete history of the curious erotic custom of footbinding in China, repr. (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992).
• Wang Ping, Aching for beauty: footbinding in China (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000).

6.10 Society

• Cao Xueqin (Ts'ao Hsüeh-ch'in), The story of the stone, trans. David Hawkes (Harmondsworth: Penguin,1973). Also known as: The dream of the red chamber/of red mansions,Hong lou meng/Hung lou meng.
• Chang, Chun-shu, and Shelley Hsueh-lun Chang, Redefining history: ghosts, spirits, and human society in P'u Sung-ling's world, 1640-1715 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1999).
• Huang, Martin W., Negotiating masculinities in late imperial China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006).
• Huntington, Rania, 'Ghosts seeking substitutes: female suicide and repetition', Late Imperial China, 26:1 (2005), 1-40.
• Lu, Hanchao, Street criers: a cultural history of Chinese beggars (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005).
• Naquin, Susan, and Evelyn Rawski, ed. Chinese society in the eighteenth century (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).
• Wu Yi-li, 'The Bamboo Grove Monastery and popular gynecology in Qing China', Late Imperial China, 21:2 (2000), 41-76.
• Zheng Yangwen, The social life of opium in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

6.11 Representations in literature

• Edwards, Louise, Men and women in Qing China: gender in The red chamber dream (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2001).
• Hanan, Patrick, trans., The sea of regret: two turn-of-the-century Chinese romantic novels (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 1995).
• Huang, Martin, Desire and fictional narrative in late imperial China (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001).
• Huntington, Rania, Alien kind: foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003).
• Li Qiancheng, Fictions of enlightenment: Journey to the West, Tower of myriad mirrors and Dream of the red chamber (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i, 2004).
• Minford, John, and Man Tong, 'Whose strange stories? P'u Sung-ling (1640-1715), Herbert Giles (1845-1935) and the Liao-chai chih-yi', East Asian History, 17-18 (1999), 1-48.
• Pu Songling (P'u Sung-ling), Strange tales from the Liaozhai studio (Beijing: People's China Publishing House, 1997).
• Zhou, Zuyan, Androgyny in late Ming and early Qing literature (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003).