Maps

• There are atlases in the reference section of the library; and this is a good gateway website: http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/china-maps.html
• Indispensible for this modules is Yuri Bregel, An historical atlas of Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 2003), which will be in STC for the duration.

General

• Barfield, Thomas J., The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
• Boulnois, Luce, Silk Road: monks, warriors and merchants on the Silk Road (Hong Kong: Odyssey, 2003).
• Bregel, Yuri, An historical atlas of Central Asia (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
• Bregel, Yuri, Notes on the study of Central Asia (Bloomington: Indiana University Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, 1996).
• Bretschneider, E., Mediaeval researches from eastern Asiatic sources: fragments towards the knowledge of the geography and history of central and western Asia from the 13th to the 17th century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967).
• Christian, David, 'Silk roads or steppe roads? The silk roads in world history', JWH 11:1 (2000), 1-26.
• Christian, David, A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988).
• Christian, David, and Craig Benjamin, ed. Realms of the Silk Roads, ancient and modern (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000).
• Christian, David, and Craig Benjamin, ed. Worlds of the Silk Roads, ancient and modern (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998).
• Cribb, Joe, and Georgina Herrmann, ed. After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), contents at http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=volumes/pba133
• Dani, A.H., V.M. Masson, et al., ed. History of the civilizations of Central Asia, 5 vols. to date (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1992-).
• Elisséeff, Vadime, ed., The Silk Roads: highways of culture and commerce (Paris: UNESCO, 1998).
• Fletcher, Joseph, Studies on Chinese and Islamic Inner Asia, ed. Beatrice Forbes Manz (London: Variorum, 1995).
• Frank, André Gunder, ‘The centrality of Central Asia’, Studies in History 8:1 (1992), 43-97.
• Frye, Richard Nelson, The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996).
• Grotenhuis, Elizabeth ten, ed. Along the Silk Road (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002).
• Grousset, René, The empire of the steppes, a history of Central Asia, trans. Naomi Walford (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
• Härtel, Herbert, and Marianne Yaldiz, Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums, an exhibition lent by the Museum für Indische Kunst, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1982).
• Juliano, Annette L., and Judith A. Lerner, ed. Monks and merchants: Silk Road treasures from Northwest China Gansu and Ningxia 4th-7th century (New York: Asia Society, 2001).
• Juliano, Annette L., and Judith A. Lerner, ed. Nomads, traders and holy men along China's Silk Road: papers presented at a symposium held at The Asia Society in New York, November 9-10, 2001 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2002).
• Litvinski, B.A, and C.A. Bromberg, ed. The archaeology and art of Central Asia: studies from the former Soviet Union, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8 (1996).
• Liu Xinru, and Lynda Norene Shaffer, Connections across Eurasia: transportation, communication, and cultural exchange on the Silk Road (McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2007).
• Liu Xinru, The Silk Road: overland trade and cultural interactions in Eurasia (Washington, DC: The American Historical Association, 1998).
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Central Asia and non-Chinese peoples of ancient China (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002).
• Rice, Tamara Talbot, Ancient arts of Central Asia (London: Thames and Hudson, 1965).
• Rowe, W.T., 'Owen Lattimore, Asia, and comparative history', JAS 66:3 (2007), 759-86.
• Sinor, Denis, ed. Cambridge history of inner Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
• Sinor, Denis, Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (London: Variorum, 1977).
• Sinor, Denis, Studies in medieval Inner Asia (London: Variorum, 1997).
• Soucek, Svat, A history of Inner Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
• Tucker, Jonathan, The Silk Road: art and history (London: Philip Wilson, 2003).
• Vollmer, John, E.J. Keall and E. Nagai-Berthrong, Silk roads, China ships (Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1983).
• Whitfield, Roderick, The art of Central Asia: the Stein collection in the British Museum (Tokyo: Kodansha International in co-operation with the Trustees of the British Museum, 1982).
• Whitfield, Susan, ed. The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith (London: British Library, 2004).
• Whitfield, Susan, Life along the Silk Road (London: John Murray, 2000).
• Wood, Frances, The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia (London: British Library, 2002).
• Wu Cheng'en, The journey to the west (Xiyouji), trans. Anthony C. Yu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977). [Also trans. W.J.F. Jenner (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1982)].

Websites

Some of the websites on this topic are stunningly good, containing a huge mass of historical information and links to relevant museum collections online. They are an excellent starting point for your own explorations, and are especially good for images, but printed works are also indispensible.

• Adler, Joseph, 'Links for the Silk Routes, Central Asia, etc, http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Asia490/links490.htm
• Dickens, Mark, 'Major events relevant to Central Asian history, part 1 (up to 1600)', http://www.oxuscom.com/cahist1.htm
• Digital Silk Road Project, National Institute of Informatics, Japan, http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/
• Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative, Berkeley, http://ecai.org/silkroad/
• Hill, John E., 'The western regions: bibliography', second edition, July 2003, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/bibliography.html
• International Dunhuang Project (IDP), British Library, http://idp.bl.uk/pages/education.a4d
• International Dunhuang Project, 'Silk Road Exhibition', http://idp.bl.uk/education/silk_road/index.a4d
• Mallon-McCorgray, T.K., 'The coins and history of Asia', http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/coins.html
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, 'Heilbrunn timeline of art history', http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, http://www.metmuseum.org/home.asp [gives access to Special Exhibitions]
• Silk Road Project, 'Art of the Silk Road', University of Washington, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/index.shtml
• Silkroad Foundation, http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/toc/index.html
• The Silk Road, http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/toc/newsletter.html
• Transoxiana: Journal Libre de Estudios Orientales, http://www.transoxiana.org/
• Waugh, Daniel C. 'Museum collections of Silk Road art', Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/srmuseums.html
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'HIST/SIS 225 The silk road, Syllabus Winter Quarter 2005', http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/hist225/05hist225syl.html
• Waugh, Daniel C., Silk Road Project, University of Washington, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/index.html

WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION

1. Looking out from Inner Asia: geography and ecology (Mon 26 Jan)

• Christian, David, 'The geography and ecology of Inner Eurasia', A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), pp. 3-20.
• Hoyanagi Mutsumi, 'Natural changes of the region along the old silk road in the Tarim Basin in historical times', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 33 (1975), 85-113.
• Lattimore, Owen, 'An Inner Asian approach to the historical geography of China', Studies in frontier history: collected papers 1928-58 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 499-504.
• Norin, Erik, 'The Tarim basin and its border regions', Regionale Geologie der Erde, vol. 2, ed. K. Andrée, H.A. Brouwer, W.H. Bucher (Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1941).
• Taaffe, Robert N., 'The geographical setting', Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, ed. Denis Sinor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 19-40.

2. Origins: Xiongnu and Han (sedentary and nomad interactions) (Fri 30 Jan)

• Barber, Elizabeth, The mummies of Urumqi (New York: Norton, 1999).
• Barfield, Perilous frontier, Chs 1-2.
• Chinese histories (in translation) on the Silk Road Project website: http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/texts.html
• Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, pp. 183-209.
• Di Cosmo, Nicola, Ancient China and its enemies: the rise of nomadic power in East Asian history (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
• Hulsewé, A.F.P., China in central Asia: an annotated translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty (Leiden: Brill, 1979).
• Lin Mei-cun, 'Tocharian people: Silk Road pioneers', Significance of silk roads in the history of human civilizations, ed. Umesao Tadao and Sugimura Toh (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1992), pp. 91-6.
• Ma Yong, and Sun Yutang, 'The western regions under the Hsiung-nu and the Han', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 BC to AD 250, ed. Janos Harmatta, B.N.Puri, G.F. Etemadi (Paris: UNESCO, 1994), pp. 227-46.
• Mair, Victor H., 'Mummies of the Tarim Basin', Archaeology 48:2 (1995), 28-35.
• So, Francis K.H., 'Travels, contact, and conversion: Chinese rediscovery of the West', MS 54 (2006), 165-84.
• Stein, M. Aurel, Ruins of desert Cathay: personal narrative of explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, 2 vols (London: Macmillan, 1912; various reprints). [Esp. Chs. L, LIV-LXIII, LXXI, on the Han defensive lines in Central Asia.]
• Yü Ying-shih, Trade and expansion in Han China: a study in the structure of Sino-barbarian economic relations (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
• Yü Ying-shih, 'The Hsiung-nu', Cambridge history of Inner Asia, pp. 118-50.

WEEKS 2-3: PEOPLES, POLITIES, CULTURES

The conceptual boundary markers of Silk Road country are perhaps Dunhuang in the east and the Oxus in the west. Within that huge expanse there flourished many peoples, some of whom established political units – polities – notable enough to have generated surviving historical information.

• Use the relevant sections of material from the General and Websites sections above.

3. Empires (to c. 750): Kushans, Sasanians - and China after the Han (cultural exchange) (Mon 2 Feb)

• Adshead, S.A.M., T'ang China: the rise of the east in world history (Houndsmills: Palgrave, 2004).
• Azarpay, Guitty, 'The Near East in late antiquity: the Sasanian Empire ', http://ecai.org/sasanianweb/index.html
  
• Benjamin, Craig, The Yuezhi: origin, migration and the conquest of northern Bactria (Turnhout: Brepols, 2007).
• Benjamin, Craig, 'The Yuezhi migration and Sogdia', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html
• Blunden, Caroline, and Mark Elvin, Cultural atlas of China (Oxford: Phaidon, 1983).
• Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh, Robert Hillenbrand and J.M. Rogers, ed. The art and archaeology of ancient Persia: new light on the Parthian and Sasanian empires (London: I.B. Tauris, 1998).
• Dani, A.H., and B.A. Litvinsky, 'The Kushano-Sasanian kingdom', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750, ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guangda, R. Shabani Samghabadi (Paris: Unesco, 1996), pp. 103-18.
• Department of Asian Art, 'Kushan Empire (ca. 2nd century BC–3rd century AD)', Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htm
• Dien, Albert E., ed. State and society in early medieval China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1990).
• Frye, Richard N., 'Sasanian-Central Asian trade relations', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 7 (1993), 73-7.
• Frye., Richard N., Sasanian remains from Qasr-i Abu Nasr: seals, sealings, and coins (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973).
• Gibb, H.A.R., 'Chinese records of the Arabs in Central Asia', Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 2:4 (1923), 613-22.
• Hansen, Valerie, The open empire: a history of China to 1600 (New York: Norton, 2000).
• Harmatta, J., et al., 'Religions in the Kushan empire', History of civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 BC to AD 250, ed. Janos Harmatta, B.N.Puri, G.F. Etemadi (Paris: UNESCO, 1994), pp. 313-29.
• Herbert, P.A., 'Agricultural colonies in China in the early eighth century', Papers on Far Eastern History 1 (1975), 37-77.
• Hitch, Douglas A., 'Kushan Tarim domination', CAJ 32:3-4 (1988),  170-92.
• Litvinsky, B.A., 'Cities and urban life in the Kushan kingdom', History of civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations, 700 BC to AD 250, ed. Janos Harmatta, B.N.Puri, G.F. Etemadi (Paris: UNESCO, 1994), pp. 291-312.
• Liu Xinru, 'Migration and settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: interaction and interdependence of nomadic and sedentary societies', JWH 12:2 (2001), 261-92.
• Liu Xinru, Ancient India and ancient China: trade and religious exchanges AD 1-600 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988).
• Mani, Buddha Rashmi, The Kushan civilization: studies in urban development and material culture (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corp., 1987).
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Essays on Tang and pre-Tang China (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).
• Schmidt, Carolyn Woodford, 'The sacred and the secular: jewellery in Buddhist sculpture in the northern Kushan realm', Marg 47:1 (1995), 15-36.
• Twitchett, Denis C., ed, Cambridge history of China, Vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China 589-906, Part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
• Twitchett, Denis C., ed. Perspectives on the T'ang (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973).
• Twitchett, Denis, 'The government of T'ang in the early eighth century', BSOAS 18 (1956), 322-30.
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'The Sassanian Empire', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/sassanians/sassanians.html
• Wechsler, Howard J., Mirror to the Son of heaven: Wei Cheng at the court of T'ang T'ai tsung (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
• Yarshater, E., ed, The Cambridge history of Iran, Vol. 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid periods, Parts 1 and 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

4. Nomads (6th to 10th centuries): Turks and Uyghurs (shared understandings) (Fri 6 Feb)

• Barfield, Thomas J., The nomadic alternative (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993). [Esp. Ch. 5.]
• Barthold, W., Turkestan down to the Mongol invasion, trans. T. Minorsky, 4th edn. (London: Luzac and Co., 1977).
• Benko, Mihály, 'Burial masks of Eurasian mounted nomad peoples in the migration period (1st millennium AD)', AOASH 46 (1992-3), 113-31.
  
• Bulliet, Richard W., The camel and the wheel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb00868
• Frank, André Gunder, ‘The centrality of Central Asia’, Studies in History 8:1 (1992), 43-97.
• Golden, Peter B., 'Imperial ideology and the sources of political unity amongst the pre-Cinggisid nomads of western Eurasia', AEMI 2 (1981), 37-76.
• Golden, Peter, An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state-formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1992).
• Khazanov, Anatoly P. 'Characteristic features of nomadic communities in the Eurasian steppes', The nomadic alternative: modes and models of interaction in the African-Asian deserts and steppes, ed. Wolfgang Weissleder (Hague: Mouton, 1978), pp. 119-26.
• Lindner, Rudi Paul, 'What was a nomadic tribe?', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24 (1982), 689-711.
• Mayo, Lewis, 'Birds and the hand of power: a political geography of avian life in the Gansu corridor, ninth to tenth centuries', East Asian History 24 (2002), 1-66.
• Meserve, Ruth I, 'Barbarian entertainments', Journal of Popular Culture 16:1 (1982), 147-58.
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, 'Nomadic art of the eastern Eurasian steppes: the Eugene V. Thaw and other New York collections', Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2003, http://www.metmuseum.org/special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId={36C74121-EEF8-11D5-9414-00902786BF44
• Sinor, Denis, 'Horse and pasture in Inner Asian history', Oriens Extremus 19 (1972), 171-84, repr. Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (London: Variorum, 1977).
• Sinor, Denis, 'Some remarks on the economic aspects of hunting in Central Eurasia', Die Jagd bei den altaischen Välkern (Wiesbaden, 1968), pp. 119-27, repr. Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (London: Variorum, 1977), III.
• Skaff, Jonathan Karam, 'Straddling steppe and sown: Tang China's relations with the nomads of Inner Asia (640-756)' (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1998).
  
• Stronach, David, 'On the antiquity of the yurt: evidence from Arjan and elsewhere', The Silk Road 2:1 (2004), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/2004vol2num1/yurt.htm
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'Horses and camels', 'Art of the Silk Road', Silk Road Project http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/trade/trade.html
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'Traditional culture', Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/culture/culture.html
• Waugh, Daniel, 'A chronology of horse, camel, and wheel', http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/hist225/225chron/chrcamel.html

5. Oases: Kroraina/Loulan, Sogdiana and the Sogdians (Mon 9 Feb)

• Brough, John, 'Comments on third-century Shan-Shan and the history of Buddhism', BSOAS 28:3 (1965), 582-612.
• Curtin, Philip, Cross-cultural trade in world history (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1984), Ch. 1.
• Forte, Antonino, 'Kuwabara's misleading thesis on Bukhara and the family name An', JAOS 116:4 (1996), 645-52.
• Frye, Richard Nelson, Bukhara: the medieval achievement (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965).
• Liu Xinru, Silk and religion: an exploration of material life and the thought of people, AD 600-1200 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996). [Introduction, Chs 1-2].
• Nedvetsky, Andrei G., comp. Bukhara (Reading: Garnet, 1993).
• Rust, William, and Amy Cushing, 'The buried Silk Road cities of Khotan', http://www.athenapub.com/9khotan1.htm
• Sengupta, Anita, 'Diasporas along the Silk Road: the Indian trader communities in Central Asia', Indian diaspora in Asian and Pacific regions: culture, people, interactions, ed. Lipi Ghosh and Ramkrishna Chatterjee (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2003), pp. 67-90.
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas, 'The Sogdian merchants in China and India', Cina e Iran da Alessandro Magno alla dinastia Tang, ed. A. Cadonna and L. Lanciotti (Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1996), pp. 45-67.
• Skaff, Jonathan Karam, 'Sasanian and Arab-Sasanian silver coins from Turfan: their relationship to international trade and the local economy', AM 11:2 (1998), 67-115.
• Skaff, Jonathan K., 'The Sogdian trade diaspora in East Turkestan during the seventh and eighth centuries', JESHO 46:4 (2003), 475-524.
• Vaissiére, Étienne de la, 'The rise of Sogdian merchants and the role of the Huns: the historical importance of the Sogdian ancient letters', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 19-23.
• Vaissière, Étienne de la, Sogdian traders: a history, trans. James Ward (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
• Wang Binghua, 'The most important findings of Niya in Taklamakan', China Culture Pictorial 1:2 (1996), http://www.silk-road.com/artl/niya.shtml
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Kroraina: settlements in the desert', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 169-86.
• Yoshida Yutaka, 'On the taxation system of pre-Islamic Khotan', Acta Asiatica 94 (2008), 95-126.
• Zhou Jinling, and Li Wenying, 'The Yingpan cemetery on the Loulan branch of the Silk Road', Orientations 35:4 (2004), 41-3

Seminar 1 - Chronologies of the Silk Roads: 4th to 6th centuries, 6th to 8th centuries, 8th to 10th centuries (Thurs 12 Feb)

• Collection of links to various chronologies on Dan Waugh's course pages, http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/hist225/225chron/01225chron.html
• Parallel comparative chronologies on the Metropolitan Museum Timeline of Art History, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/

WEEKS 4-5: TRADE, TRIBUTE, TAXATION

6. Silk (Mon 16 Feb)

• Barrett, T. H., 'Woodblock dyeing and printing technology in China, c. 700 A.D.: the innovations of Ms. Liu and other evidence', BSOAS 64:2 (2001), 240-7.
• Cheng Weiji, History of textile technology of ancient China, trans. Gao Guopei (New York, 1992).
• Feng, Z., 'Three textiles from Turfan', Orientations 34:2 (2003), 14-19, 25-31.
• Hamilton, James, 'East-West borrowings via the Silk Road of textile terms', Diogenes 43:171 (1995), 25-33.
• Ierusalimskaja, Anna A., and Birgitt Borkopp, Von China nach Byzanz: Frühmittelalterliche Seiden aus der Staatlichen Ermitage Sankt Petersburg (St. Petersburg: Staatlichen Ermitage, 1996).
• Kageyama Etsuko, 'Use and production of silks in Sogdiana', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/kageyama.html
• Kennedy, Alan, 'The Emperor's treasure house: seventh and eighth century textiles in the Shosoin', Silk and stone: the art of Asia – the third Hali annual (London: Laurence King, 1996).
• Kuhn, Dieter, 'Silk technology in the Sung period (960-1278 AD)', T'oung pao 67:1-2 (1981), 48-90.
• Riboud, K., and G. Vial, Tissus de Touen-huang conservés au musée Guimet et à la bibliothèque nationale (Parisl, 1970).
  
• Scott, Philippa, The book of silk (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993/2001).          
• Sheng, Angela, 'Textile finds along the Silk Road', The glory of the Silk Road: art from ancient China, ed. Li Jian (Dayton, Ohio: Dayton Art Institute, 2003).
• Sheng, Angela, 'Innovations in textile techniques on China's northwest frontier, 500-700 AD', AM 11:2 (1998), 117-60.
• Sheng, Angela, 'Why ancient silk is still gold: issues in Chinese textile history', Ars Orientalis 29 (1999), 147-68.
• Silk Road Foundation, 'History of silk', http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/toc/index.html (click Studies>History of silk)
• Vainker, Shelagh, 'Silk of the Northern Song: reconstructing the evidence', Silk and stone: the art of Asia – the third Hali annual (London: Laurence King, 1996).
• Vainker, Shelagh, Chinese silk: a cultural history (London: British Museum Press, 2005).
• Watt, James C.Y., Anne E. Wardwell, et al., When silk was gold: Central Asian and Chinese textiles (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1997).
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'Silk', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/trade/silkae.html
• Whitfield, Roderick, The art of Central Asia: the Stein collection in the British Museum (London: British Museum, 1985).
• Zhao Feng, Treasures in silk (Hong Kong: ISAT/Costume Squad, 1999).

7. Horses (Fri 20 Feb)

• Anthony, David, Dimitry Y. Telegin and Dorcas Brown, 'The origin of horseback riding', Scientific American 265:6 (1991).
• Anthony, David, W. Nikolai and B. Vinogradov, 'Birth of the chariot', Archaeology (March-April 1995), 36-41.
• Creel, Herlee G., 'The role of the horse in Chinese history', AHR, 70 (1965), 647-72, repr. What is Taoism? and other studies in Chinese cultural history (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 160-86.
• Davis, Beverley, 'Timeline of the development of the horse', Sino-Platonic Papers 177 (2007), 186 pp.
  
• Dien, Al, 'The stirrup and its effect on Chinese military history', Ars Orientalis 16 (1986), 33-56.
• Jagchid, Sechin, 'The "Uighur horses" of the T'ang dynasty', Gedanke und Wirkung: Festschrift zum 90. Geburtstag von Nikilaus Poppe, ed. Walther Heissig and Klaus Sagaster (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1989), pp. 174-88.
• Liu, James T.C., 'Polo and cultural change: from T'ang to Sung China', HJAS 45:1 (1985), 203-24.
• Sinor, Denis, 'Horse and pasture in Inner Asian history', Oriens Extremus 19 (1972), 171-84.
  

8. Money (Mon 23 Feb)

• Bates, Michael L., 'History, geography and numismatics in the first century of Islamic coinage', Revue suisse de numismatique 65 (1986), 231-63.
• Cribb, Joe, 'An historical survey of the precious metal currencies of China', Numismatic Chronicle 7th ser., 19 (1979), 191-5.
• Hansen, Valerie, Negotiating daily life in traditional China: how ordinary people used contracts, 600-1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995).
• Lin Ying, 'Solidi in China and monetary culture along the Silk Road', The Silk Road 3:2 (2005), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num2/4_ying.php
• Perdue, Peter C., 'The economy of the Silk Road', Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Vol. 4, ed. Joel Mokyr (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 491-3.
• Rhodes, Nicholas, 'Tang dynasty coins made in Turkestan', Silk Road Art and Archaeology Special Issue (1997), 181-6.
• Skaff, Jonathan Karam, 'Sasanian and Arab-Sasanian silver coins from Turfan: their relationship to international trade and the local economy', AM 11:2 (1998), 67-115.
• Tanabe Katsumi, Joe Cribb and Helen Wang, ed. Studies in Silk Road coins and culture (a special volume of Silk Road Art and Archaeology) (London: The Institute of Silk Road Studies, 1997).
• Tanabe, Katsumi, Silk Road coins: the Hiryama collection (London: The Institute of Silk Road Studies, 1993).
• Thierry, François, 'On the Tang coins collected by Pelliot in Chinese Turkestan (1906-1909)', Silk Road Art and Archaeology Special Issue (1997), 149-79.
  
• Thierry, François, and Cécile Morrisson, 'Sur les monnaies byzantines trouvée en Chine', Revue numismatique 6th ser., 36 (1994), 109-45.
  
• Wang, Helen, 'How much for a camel? A new understanding of money on the Silk Road before AD 800', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 24-33.
• Wang, Helen, 'Money in eastern Central Asia before AD 800', After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam, ed. Joe Cribb and Georgina Herrmann (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 399-409.
• Zeimal, Eugeny V., 'The circulation of coins in Central Asia during the early medieval period (fifth-eighth centuries AD)', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8 (1994), 245-67.
• Zeimal, Eugeny V. 'Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan on the Silk Road-1st millennium AD numismatic evidence', Silk Road Art and Archaeology 2 (1991-2), 166-7.

Seminar 2 - Economics and politics (Thurs 26 Feb)

• Allen, Robert C., Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe, ed. Living standards in the past: new perspectives on well-being in Asia and Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
• Barfield, Thomas, 'Steppe empires, China and the Silk Route: nomads as a force in international trade and politics', Nomads in the sedentary world, ed. Anatoly M. Khazanov and André Wink (Richmond: Curzon, 2001), pp. 234-49.
• Beckwith, Christopher I., 'The impact of the horse and silk trade on the economies of T'ang China and the Uighur Empire: on the importance of international commerce in the early Middle Ages', JESHO 34 (1991), 183-98.
• Chen, Ching-Lung, 'Trading activities of the Turkic peoples in China', CAJ 25:1-2 (1981), 38-53.
• Easterntea.com, 'Tea drinking in the Tang dynasty', http://www.easterntea.com/tea/tang.htm
• Eiland, Murray Lee, 'Ceramics on the Silk Road: Parthia and China', Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society 60 (1995-6), 105-20.
• Frye, Richard N., 'Sasanian-Central Asian connections', Contacts between cultures, Vol. 1: West Asia and North Africa, ed. Amir Harrack (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1992).
  
• Hansen, Valerie, 'The Hejia Village hoard: a snapshot of China's Silk Road trade', Orientations 34:2 (2003), 14-19.
• Higuchi Takayasu, 'Silk Road: a culture of imported goods', Significance of silk roads in the history of human civilizations, ed. Umesao Tadao and Sugimura Toh (Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1992), pp. 33-6.
• Jagchid, Sechin, and Van Jay Symons, Peace, war and trade along the Great Wall (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
• Knauer, Elfriede Regina, The camel's load in life and death: iconography and ideology of Chinese pottery figurines from Han to Tang and their relevance to trade along the silk routes (Zurich: Akanthus, 1998).
• Lattimore, Owen, 'Caravan routes of Inner Asia' [1928], repr. Studies in frontier history: collected papers 1928-58 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 37-72.
• Laufer, Berthold, and Paul Pelliot, 'Arabic and Chinese trade in walrus and narwhal ivory', T'oung Pao 17:1-5 (1916), 348-89.
• Michaelson, Carol, 'Jade and the Silk Road: trade and tribute in the first millennium', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 43-9.
• Moses, Larry W, 'T'ang tribute relations with the Inner Asian barbarian', Essays on T'ang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, ed. John C. Perry and Bardwell L. Smith (Leiden: Brill, 1976), pp. 61-89.
• Polanyi, Karl, Conrad M. Arensburg and Harry W. Pearson, ed. Trade and market in the early empires: economies in history and theory (Glencoe, Ill., Free Press, 1957).
• Schafer, Edward A., 'Iranian merchants in T'ang dynasty tales', California University Publications in Semitic Philology 2 (1951), 403-22.
• Shafer, Edward H., The golden peaches of Samarkand: a study of T'ang exotics (Berkeley: University of California, 1985).
• Shiba, Yoshinobu, 'Sung foreign trade: its scope and organisation', China among equals: the Middle Kingdom and its neighbors, 10th to 14th centuries, ed. Morris Rossabi (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 89-115.
• Twitchett, Denis, 'A Confucian's view of the taxation of commerce: Ts'ui Jung's memorial of 703', BSOAS 36:2 (1973), 429-45.
• Twitchett, Denis, 'The T'ang market system', Asia Major, n.s. 12 (1966), 202-48.
• Yang Bin, 'Horses, silver, and cowries: Yunnan in global perspective', JWH, 15:3 (2004), 281-322.
• Yang, Lien-sheng, 'Buddhist monasteries and four money-raising institutions in Chinese history', HJAS 13:1-2 (1950), 174-91.

WEEKS 6-7: RELIGIONS

For all topics in this section

• Foltz, Richard, Religions of the Silk Road: overland trade and cultural exchange from antiquity to the fifteenth century (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000).
• Liu Xinru, Silk and religion: an exploration of material life and the thought of people, AD 600-1200 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996).

9. Buddhism (Mon 2 Mar)

• Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road.
• Liu, Silk and religion.

• 'A parable of the burning house' (from David J. Lu, Sources of Japanese history, Vol. 1, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), pp. 52-4, repr. Sources of world history, Vol. 1, ed. Mark A. Kishlansky (New York: HarperCollins CollegePublishers, 1995), pp. 152-4, Chinese Cultural Studies: The Lotus of the Wonderful Law, http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/lotus1.html
• Ch'en, Kenneth K.S, The Chinese transformation of Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973).
• Chin, Connie, 'Monuments in the desert: a note on economic and social roots of the development of Buddhism along the Silk Road', The Silk Road 3:2 (2005), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num2/3_chin.php
• Compareti, Matteo, 'Traces of Buddhist art in Sogdiana', Sino-Platonic Papers 181 (2008), 42 pp. 
• Giles, H.A., The travels of Fa-hsien (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1923), reissued (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956), http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/faxian.html
• Gregory, Peter N, Tsung-mi and the sinification of Buddhism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
• Huntington, John C., and Dina Bangdel, The circle of bliss: Buddhist meditational art (Chicago: Serindia Publications, 2003).
• Hurvitz, Leon, Chih-i (538-597): an introduction to the life and ideas of a Chinese Buddhist monk (Bruges: Imprimerie Sainte-Catherine, 1963).
• International Dunhuang Project, 'Buddhism on the Silk Road', http://idp.bl.uk/education/buddhism/index.html
• Jan, Yün-hua, 'Tsung-mi, his analysis of Ch'an Buddhism', T'oung pao 58 (1972), 1-53.
• Jin Shen, Zhongguo lidai jinian foxiang tudian [Illustrated dictionary of dated Chinese Buddhist images] (Beijing, 1994).
• Liu, Silk and religion.
• Oort, H.A. van., The iconography of Chinese Buddhism in traditional China (Leiden: Brill, 1986). [Durham]
• Seattle Art Museum, 'Discovering Buddhist Art', http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/exhibit/interactives/buddhism/enter.asp# (click on 'Learn about Buddhism').
• Silk Road Foundation, 'Buddhism and its spread along the Silk Road', http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/artl/buddhism.shtml
• Teiser, Stephen, 'The spirits of Chinese religion', http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/core9/phalsall/texts/lopez.html
• Tsai, Kathryn A, 'The Chinese Buddhist monastic order for women: the first two centuries', Women in China: current directions in historical scholarship, ed. Richard Guisso and Stanley Johannesen (Youngstown, New York: Philo Press, 1982), pp. 1-20.
• Walter, Mariko Namba, 'Sogdians and Buddhism', Sino-Platonic Papers 174 (2006), 65pp.
• Walter, Mariko Namba, 'Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th century CE', Sino-Platonic Papers 85 (1998), 30 pp.
• Waugh, Daniel, 'Chronology of the early history of Buddhism in China', http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/hist225/225chron/budchron.html
• Weinstein, Stanley, Buddhism under the T'ang (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
• Wriggins, Sally Hovey, Xuanzang: a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996).
• Wright, Arthur F., Buddhism in Chinese history (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970 [1959]), Chs 1-2.
• Wright, Arthur F., Studies in Chinese Buddhism, ed. Robert M. Somers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990).
• Xuanzang, Record of the western regions, trans. Samuel Beal, Buddhist records of the western world (London: Trubner & Co., 1884), http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/xuanzang.html  
• Yu, David C., 'Skill-in-means and the Buddhism of Tao-sheng: a study of a Chinese reaction to Mahayana of the fifth century', Philosophy East and West 24 (1974), 413-28.
• Zürcher, Erik, The Buddhist conquest of China, the spread and adaptation of Buddhism in early medieval China, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1972).

10. Manichaeism and Nestorianism (Fri 6 Mar)

• Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road.

10.1 Manichaeism

• Chao Huashan, 'New evidence of Manichaeism in Asia: a description of some recently discovered Manichaean temples in Turfan', MS 44 (1996), 267-315.
• Gignoux, Ph., and B.A. Litvinsky, 'Religions and religious movements-I', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750, ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guangda, R. Shabani Samghabadi (Paris: Unesco, 1996), pp. 403-20.
• Gulacsi, Zsuzsanna, 'Dating the "Persian" and Chinese style remains of the Uygur Manichaean art: a new radiocarbon date and its implications for Central Asian art history', Arts asiatiques 58 (2003), 5-33.
• Jackson, A.V. Williams, Researches in Manichaeism, with special reference to the Turfan fragments (New York: AMS Press, 1965).
• Jenott, Lance, 'Manichaeism', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/manichaeism/manichaeism.html
• Leslie, Donald Daniel, 'Persian temples in China', MS 35 (1981-83), 275-303.
• Lieu, Samuel N.C., Manichaeism in the later Roman Empire and medieval China: a historical survey (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985).
• Mikkelsen, Gunner B., 'Skilfully planting the trees of light: the Chinese Manichaica, their Central Asian counterparts, and some observations on the translation of Manichaeism into Chinese', Cultural encounters: China, Japan, and the West: essays commemorating 25 years of East Asian studies at the University of Aarhus, ed. Soren Clausen, Roy Starrs and Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1995), pp. 83-108.
• Wood, Silk Road, pp. 69-72.

10.2 Nestorianism

• Liu, Silk and religion.

• Barat, Kahar, 'Aluoben, a Nestorian missionary in 7th century China', JAH 36 (2002), 184-98.
• Ch'ing-Tsing, 'Nestorian tablet: eulogizing the propagation of the illustrious religion in China, with a preface, composed by a priest of the Syriac Church, 781 AD', East Asian History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/781nestorian.html
• Houston, G.W., 'An overview of Nestorians in Inner Asia', CAJ 24:1-2 (1980), 60-8.
• Hsü, C.Y., 'Nestorianism and the Nestorian monument in China', Asian Culture Quarterly 14:1 (1986), 41-81.
• Jenott, Lance, 'The Eastern (Nestorian) church', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/nestorians/nestorians.html
• Lin Wushu, and Rong Xinjiang, 'Doubts concerning the authenticity of two Nestorian Christian documents unearthed at Dunhuang from the Li collection', China Archaeology and Art Digest 1:1 (1996), 5-14.
• Moffet, Samuel Hugh, A history of Christianity in Asia: beginnings to 1500 (Orbis, 1998).
• Tamras, Esha Emmanual, 'Assyrian Christian missions in China, 635-1550 AD', http://www.edessa.com/history/monument.htm
• www.nestorian.org, http://www.nestorian.org/index.html

10.3 Zoroastrianism

• Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary, 'Zoroastrianism', http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/beginnings/ (click Ancient Persia>Zoroastrianism)
• Chen Sanping, 'From Azerbaijian to Dunhuang: a Zoroastrianism note', CAJ 47:2 (2003), 183-97.
• Forte, Antonino, 'Iranians in China: Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, and bureaus of commerce', Cahiers d'Extrème-Asie 11 (1999-2000), 277-90.
• Jiang Boqin, 'An iconological survey of the decorative elements on the Zoroastrian temple in Jiexiu, Shanxi', trans. Bruce Doar, China Archaeology and Art Digest 4:1 (2000), 85-101,
• Jiang Boqin, 'The Zoroastrian art of the Sogdians in China', trans. Bruce Doar, China Archaeology and Art Digest 4:1 (2000), 35-71.
• Leslie, Donald Daniel, 'Persian temples in China', MS 35 (1981-83), 275-303.
• Maejima Shinji, 'The Zoroastrian kingdoms in Mazandaran and the T'ang Empire', Acta Asiatica 41 (1981), 29-46.
• Scott, D.A., 'Zoroastrian traces along the upper Amu Darya (Oxus)', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, ser. 3 (1984), 217-28.
• Silk Road Project, 'Zoroastrianism', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/zoroastrianism/zoroastrianism.html
• Sims-Williams, N., 'Some Reflections on Zoroastrianism in Sogdiana and Bactria', Realms of the Silk Roads, ancient and modern, ed. David Christian and Craig Benjamin (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000).
• Wood, Silk Road, pp. 69-72.

11. Islam (Mon 9 Mar)

• Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road.
• Liu, Silk and religion.

• Al Khemir, Sabiha, De Cordoue à Samarcande: chefs d'oeuvre du Musée d'art islamique de Doha / From Cordoba to Samarqand: masterpieces from the Museum of Islamic Art in Doha (Paris: Musée du Louvre, 2006).
• Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary, 'The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge', The Islamic World to 1600, http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/index2.html
• Dani, A.H., 'The role of Arabs in the spread of Islamic culture along the Silk Road', Journal of Central Asia 15:2 (1992), 58-62.
• Encyclopaedia of Islam, first and second editions (Leiden: Brill, 1960-2009).
• Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road.
• Frye, Richard N., The golden age of Persia (London: Phoenix, 2000).
• Gellens, Sam, 'The search for knowledge in medieval Muslim societies: a comparative approach', Muslim travellers: pilgrimage, migration, and the religious imagination, ed. Dale Eickelman and James Piscatori (Berkeley: University of California, 1990), pp. 50-63.
• Hasan, S.A, 'A survey of the expansion of Islam into Central Asia during the Umayyad Caliphate', Islamic Culture 44 (1970), 165-74.
• Hasan, S.A, 'The expansion of Islam into Central Asia and the early Turco-Arab contacts', Islamic Culture 44 (1970), 1-8.
• Holt, P.M., Ann K.S. Lambton and Bernard Lewis, ed. Cambridge history of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).    
• Kianush, K., 'Persian art through the centuries,' http://www.art-arena.com/hpart.html
• Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 'Islamic art at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art', http://www.lacma.org/islamic_art/islamic.htm
• McNeill, William H., and Jean W. Sedlar, ed. The Islamic world (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971).
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, 'Islamic Art', http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Islamic
• Szostak, John D., 'The spread of Islam along the Silk Route', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/islam/islam.html

EXTRA! Study trip to Durham Oriental Museum, Weds 11 March. Meet 12 noon outside the Union.

Seminar 3 - Religious and cultural exchange (Thurs 12 Mar)

• Amster, Martin, and Chen Lier, 'Buddhist art styles and cultural exchange along the Silk Road', Education About Asia 9:1 (2004), 30-5.
• Andrews, Fred H., Wall paintings from ancient shrines in Central Asia: recovered by Sir Aurel Stein (New Delhi: Cosmo, 1983).
• Boyle, John Andrew, 'Turkish and Mongol shamanism in the Middle Ages', Folklore, 83 (1972), 177-93, repr. The Mongol world empire (London: Variorum, 1977), XXII.
• Caswell, James O., Written and unwritten: a new history of the Buddhist caves at Yungang (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1988).
• Ch'en, Kenneth, 'The economic background of the Hui-ch'ang suppression of Buddhism', HJAS 19 (1956), 67-105.
• Cheung, Frederick Hok-ming, 'Religion and politics in early T'ang China: Taoism and Buddhism in the reigns of Kao-tsu and T'ai-tsung', Journal of the Institute of Chinese Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, 18 (1987), 265-75.
• Demiéville, Paul, Le concile de Lhasa: une controverse sur le quiétisme entre bouddhistes de l'Inde et de la Chine au VIII siècle de l'ère chrétienne (Paris: Impr. Nationale de France, 1952).
• Duan, Wenjie, 'Cultural exchanges between China and the West as seen from the styles of the early art of Dunhuang', Selected papers from the 33rd Congress of Asian and North African Studies (Toronto, August 15-25, 1990) (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen, 1992), pp. 402-8.
• Foltz, Religions of the Silk Road.
• Franck, Irene, and David Brownstone, The Silk Road: a history (New York: Facts on File, 1986), Chs 8-10.
• Gernet, Jacques, Buddhism in Chinese society: an economic history from the fifth to the tenth centuries (New York: Columbia, 1995).
• Gubler, Greg, 'Conciliation and the struggle for survival: Nestorian Christianity in China during the T'ang and Yüan dynasties', Asia: Journal of the Society for Asian Studies 4 (1971), 64-79.
• Howard, Angela Falco, 'Buddhist sculpture of Pujiang, Sichuan: a mirror of the direct link between southwest China and India in High Tang', Archives of Asian Art 42 (1989), 49-61.
• Howard, Angela Falco, 'Heavenly mounts - horses and elephants - in Chinese Buddhist Art', Oriental Art, n.s. 28:4 (1982-3), 368-81.
• Huntington, John C, 'The iconography and iconology of the Tan Yao caves at Yungang', Oriental Art, n.s, 32:2 (1986), 142-60.
• Khazanov, Anatoly M., 'The spread of world religions in medieval nomadic societies of the Eurasian steppes', Nomadic diplomacy, destruction and religion from the Pacific to the Adriatic, ed. Michael Gervers and Wayne Schlepp (Toronto: Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 1994), pp. 11-34.
• Kieschnick, John, The eminent monk: Buddhist ideals in medieval Chinese hagiography (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997).
• Klimburg-Salter, Deborah E., ed. The silk route and the diamond path: esoteric Buddhist art on the trans-Himalayan trade routes (Los Angeles: UCLA Art Council, 1982).
• Knauer, Elfriede Regina, 'The fifth century AD Buddhist cave temples at Yun-kang, North China: a look at their western connections, Expedition 25: 4 (1983), 27-47.
• Lieu, Samuel N.C., 'Polemics against Manichaeism as a subversive cult in Sung China (A.D c.960-c.1200)', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 62:1 (1979), 132-67.
• Lin Wushu, 'A general discussion of the Tang policy towards three Persian religions: Manichaeanism, Nestorianism and Zoroastrianism', trans. Bruce Doar, China Archaeology and Art Digest 4:1 (2000), 103-16.
• Liu, Silk and religion.
• Pepper, France, 'The thousand Buddha motif: a visual chant in cave-temples along the Silk Road [Mogao Caves]', Oriental Art 44:4 (1998-1999), 39-45.
• Rhie, Marylin M., 'A periodisation of the early T'ang caves at Tun-huang from AD 618-42: formation of the early T'ang style', MS 43 (1995), 279-336.
• Rhie, Marylin M., Interrelationships between the Buddhist art of China and the art of India and Central Asia from 618-755 AD (Napoli : Istituto universitario orientale, 1988).
• Rong Xinjiang, 'Khotanese felt and Sogdian silver: foreign gifts to Buddhist monasteries in ninth- and tenth-century', Asia Major 3rd ser. 17:1 (2004), 15-34.
• Russell-Smith, Lilla, Uygur patronage in Dunhuang: regional art centres on the northern Silk Road in the tenth and eleventh centuries (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
• Scott, David, 'Buddhist responses to Manichaeism: Mahayana reaffirmation of the "middle path"?', History of Religions 35:2 (1995), 148-62.
• Scott, David, 'Manichaeism in Bactria: political patterns and East-West paradigms', JAH 41:2 (2007), 107-30.
• Siren, Osvald, 'Indian and other influences in Chinese sculpture,' Studies in Chinese art and some Indian influences. ed. J. Hackin, et al. (London: The India Society, 1987), pp. 15-36.
• Snellgrove, David L., Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors (London: Serindia Publications, 1987).
• Soper, C. Alexander, 'Imperial cave chapels of the Northern Dynasties: donors, beneficiaries, dates', Artibus Asiae 28:4 (1966), 241-70.
• Sullivan, Michael, The cave temples of Maichishan (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969).
• Tajadod, Nahal, 'The role of Iranians in the spread of Buddhism, Manichaeism and Mazdaism in China', Diogenes 200 (2003), 61-8.
• Tonami, Mamoru, 'Policy towards the Buddhist church in the reign of T'ang Hsuan-tsung', trans. P.A. Herbert, Acta Asiatica, 55 (1988), 27-47.
• Tsiang, Katherine R., 'The cult of Buddhist relics and the Silk Road', The glory of the Silk Road: art from ancient China, ed. Li Jian (Dayton, Ohio: Dayton Art Institute, 2003), pp. 49-55.
• Uray, G., 'Tibet's connections with Nestorianism and Manicheism in the 8th-10th centuries', Contributions on Tibetan language, history and culture. Proceedings of the Csoma de Kiorois symposium held at Velm-Vienna, Austria, 13-19 September 1981, Vol. 1, ed. Ernst Steinkellner and Helmut Tauscher (Wien: Arbeitskreis f�ur Tibetische und Buddhis, 1985), pp. 399-429.
• Van Schaik, Sam, and Jacob Dalton, 'Where Chan and Tantra meet: Tibetan syncretism in Dunhuang', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 63-71.
• Wang, Yuejin, 'Whose paradise is it, anyway? The Lotus Sutra tableau in Dunhuang's Cave 217 revisited, Orientations 27:10 (1996), 44-9.
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'The Yungang caves', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/buddhism/monumental/monumental.html
• Waugh, Daniel, 'The oases of the northern Tarim basin', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/religion/buddhism/tarim/tarim.html
• Weinstein, Stanley, 'Imperial patronage in the formation of T'ang Buddhism', Perspectives on the T'ang, ed. Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twichett (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 265-306.
• Weng Wei-chuan, Xinjiang, the Silk Road: Islam's overland route to China (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1986).
• Whitfield, Roderick, 'Buddhist paintings from Dunhuang in Aurel Stein collection', Orientations 14:5 (1983), 14-28.
• Whitfield, Roderick, and Anne Farrer, ed. Caves of the thousand Buddhas: Chinese art from the silk route (New York: George Braziller, 1990).
• Williams, Joanna, 'The iconography of Khotanese painting', East and West 23 (1973), 109-54.
• Wong, How Man, Islamic frontiers of China: Silk Road images (Essex: Scorpion, 1990).
• Wright, Arthur F., 'Buddhism and Chinese culture: phases of interaction', JAS 17 (1957), 17-42.
• Wright, Arthur F., 'T'ang T'ai-tsung and Buddhism', Perspectives on the T'ang, ed. Arthur F. Wright and Denis Twichett (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1973), pp. 239-63.

WEEK 8: EXAM PREPARATION SESSION (Mon 16 Mar), Stephenson T13, 12 noon.

• No other Silk Roads classes: RESEARCH CASE STUDIES AND PREPARE PRESENTATIONS

EASTER VACATION

WEEK 9: CASE STUDIES

Remember to look back at the reading lists from earlier in the module for relevant material, especially the reading lists for seminars and for Religions.

12. Abbasid Caliphate, Tang China, Tibet (Mon 20 Apr)

12.1 Abbasid Caliphate (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000 CE http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1000baghdad.html
• Batke, Peter A., et al., 'Abbasids (750-1517)', http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/abbasids.htm
• Crone, Patricia, and Martin Hinds, God's caliph: religious authority in the first centuries of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
• Frye, Richard N., The Cambridge history of Iran, Vol. 4: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
• Frye, Richard N., The golden age of Persia (London: Phoenix, 2000).
• Gibb, H.A.R., The Arab conquests in Central Asia (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1923, repr. 1970).
• Kennedy, Hugh, The early Abbasid Caliphate: a political history (London: Croom Helm, 1981).
• Lassner, J., The shaping of Abbasid rule (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980).
• Shaban, M.A., The Abbasid revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).
• Sharon, Moshe, Black banners from the east: the establishment of the ʻAbbāsid state, incubation of a revolt (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1983).
• Wiet, Gaston, 'Golden age of Arab and Islamic culture', Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate, http://www.khamush.com/sufism/golden.htm
• Young M.J.L., J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant, ed. Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

12.2 Tang China (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Barfield, Perilous frontier, Chs 3-4.
• Herbert, P.A., Under the Brilliant Emperor: imperial authority in T'ang China as seen in the writings of Chang Chiu-ling (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1978).
• Johnson, David G., The medieval Chinese oligarchy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1977).
• Karetzky, Patricia, Court art of the Tang (London: University Press of America, 1996).
• Metropolitan Museum of Art, 'Tang Dynasty (618-906)', http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tang/hd_tang.htm
• Pan, Yihong, Son of Heaven and Heavenly Qaghan: Sui-Tang China and Its Neighbors (Bellingham, Washington: the Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 1997).
• Pulleyblank, Edwin G., Essays on Tang and pre-Tang China (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).
• Shea, Marilyn, 'The Tang dynasty', http://hua.umf.maine.edu/China/tang.html [a bibliography].
• Skaff, Jonathan Karam, 'Straddling steppe and sown: Tang China's relations with the nomads of Inner Asia (640-756)' (PhD dissertation, University of Michigan, 1998).
• Slobodnik, Martin, 'The early policy of emperor Tang Dezong (779-805) towards Inner Asia', Asian and African Studies 6:2 (1997), 184-96.
• Twitchett, Denis C., 'Varied patterns of provincial autonomy in the T'ang dynasty', Essays on T'ang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, ed. John Curtis Perry and Bardwell L. Smith (Leiden: Brill, 1976), pp. 90-109.
• Twitchett, Denis, ed. Cambridge history of China, Vol. 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589-906, Part 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
• Twitchett, Denis, 'The government of T'ang in the early eighth century', BSOAS 18 (1956), 322-30.
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'Xi'an/Chang'an', Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/xian/xian.html
• Wechsler, Howard J., Mirror to the Son of heaven: Wei Cheng at the court of T'ang T'ai-tsung (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).

12.3 Tibet (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Beckwith, Christopher I., The Tibetan Empire in central Asia: a history of the struggle for great power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the early Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
• Ekvall, Robert Brainerd, Fields on the hoof: nexus of Tibetan nomadic pastoralism (Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press, Inc., 1968 [1983]).
• Gos lo-tsa-ba gZon-nu-dpal, The blue annals, ed. and trans. George N. Roerich (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988).
• Heller, Amy, 'Archaeological artefacts from the Tibetan empire in Central Asia', Orientations 34:4 (2003), 55-64.
• Horlemann, Bianca, 'A re-evaluation of the Tibetan conquest of eighth-century Shazhou / Dunhuang', Tibet, past and present [Proceedings of the Ninth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden, 2000], ed. Henk Blezer (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 49-66.
• Kapstein, Matthew T., and Brandon Dotson, ed. Contributions to the cultural history of early Tibet (Leiden: Brill, 2007).
• McKay, Alex, ed. Tibet and her neighbours: a history (London: Edition Hansj�org Mayer, 2003).
• Reynolds, Valrae, ed. From the sacred realm: treasures of Tibetan art from the Newark Museum (Newark, NJ: Newark Museum, 1999).
• Richardson, H.E., 'An early judicial document from Tibet', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd ser. 1:3 (1991), 383-88.
• Sims-Williams, Ursula, 'Miran: war and faith', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 187-224.
• Snellgrove, David L., and Hugh Richardson, ed. A cultural history of Tibet (London: Taylor & Francis, 1980).
• Takeuchi Tsuguhito, 'Old Tibetan loan contracts', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 51 (1993), 25-83.
• Takeuchi Tsuguhito, 'The Tibetan military system and its activities from Khotan to Lop Nor', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 50-6.
• Takeuchi Tsuguhito, 'Three old Tibetan contracts in the Sven Hedin collection', BSOAS 57:3 (1994), 576-87.
• Uebach, Helga, 'Ladies of the Tibetan empire (seventh to ninth centuries CE)', Women in Tibet, ed. Janet Gyatso and Hanna Havnevik (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 29-48.

13. Turks, Uyghurs (Fri 24 Apr, 11am, Stephenson T13)

13.1 Turks (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Barfield, Perilous frontier, Ch. 4.
• Chavannes, Edouard, Documents sur les Tou-kiue Turcs occidentaux (1903, repr. Maisonneuve, 1942).
• Chen, Ching-Lung, 'Trading activities of the Turkic peoples in China', CAJ 25:1-2 (1981), 38-53.
• Dobrovits, Mihaly, 'The great western campaign of the Eastern Turks (711-714)', Acta Orientalia 58:2 (2005), 179-85.
• Drompp, Michael R., 'Imperial state formation in Inner Asia: the early Turkic empires (6th to 9th centuries)', Acta Orientalia 58:1 (2005), 101-11.
• Drompp, Michael R., 'Supernumerary sovereigns: superfluity and mutability in the elite power structure of the early Türks (Tu-jue)', Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery, ed. Gary Seaman and Daniel Marks (Los Angeles: Ethnographics Press, 1991), pp. 92-115.
• Ecsedy, Ildiko, 'Ancient Turk (T'u-ch�ueh) burial customs', Acta Orientalia 38:3 (1984), 263-89.
• Frenkel, Yehoshua, 'The Turks of the Eurasian steppes in medieval Arabic writing', Mongols, Turks and others: Eurasian nomads and the sedentary world, ed. Reuven Amitai and Michal Biran (Leiden: Brill, 2005), pp. 201-41.
• Iwami, Kiyohiro, 'Turks and Sogdians in China during the T'ang period', Acta Asiatica 94 (2008), 41-65.
• Kamalov, Albet, 'Turks and Uighurs during the rebellion of An Lu-shan [and] Shih Ch'ao-yi (755-762)', CAJ 45:2 (2001), 243-53.
• Sinor, D., and S.G. Klyashtorny, 'The Turk empire', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750, ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guangda, R. Shabani Samghabadi (Paris: Unesco, 1996), pp. 327-47.
• Sinor, Denis, 'The establishment and dissolution of the Turk empire', Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, ed. Denis Sinor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp.  285-316.
• Sinor, Denis, 'The historical role of the Turk empire', Journal of World History 1 (1953), 427-34, repr. Inner Asia and its contacts with medieval Europe (London: Variorum, 1977).
• Turkic World, 'Inscriptions of the Western Turks', http://www.turkicworld.org/ (click Sources, scroll to Turkic).
• Wright, David Curtis, 'The screed of a humbled empire: the Xin Tangshu's prolegomena on the Türks', Acta Orientalia 55:4 (2002), 379-89.

13.2 Uyghurs (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Drompp, Michael R., 'The Hsiung-nu topos in the T'ang response to the collapse of the Uighur steppe empire', Central and Inner Asian Studies 1 (1987), 1-46.
• Drompp, Michael R., Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
• Kamalov, Ablet, 'Material culture of the nomadic Uighurs of the eighth-ninth centuries in Central Asia', Religion, customary law, and nomadic technology: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, 1 May 1998 and 23 April 1999, ed. Michael Gervers and Wayne Schlepp (Toronto: Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies, 2000), pp. 27-33.
• Kamalov, Ablet, 'The Moghon Shrine Usu inscription as the earliest Uighur historical annals', CAJ 47:1 (2003), 77-90.
• Kolbas, Judith G., 'Khukh Ordung, a Uighur palace complex of the seventh century', Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 3rd ser. 15:3 (2005), 303-27.
• Mackerras, Colin, 'The Uighurs', Cambridge history of early Inner Asia, ed. Denis Sinor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp.  317-42.
• Mackerras, Colin, trans. The Uighur empire according to the T'ang dynastic histories: A study in Sino-Uighur relations 744-840 (Canberra, Australian National University Press, 1972).
• Moriyasu Takao, 'Notes on Uighur documents', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 53 (1995), 67-108.
• Shimin, G., 'Notes on an ancient Uighur official decree issued to a Manichaean monastery', CAJ 35:3-4 (1991), 209-30.
• Sinor, D., Geng Shimin and Y.I. Kychanov, 'The Uighurs, the Kyrgyz and the Tangut', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: The age of achievement, AD 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part one: The historical, social and economic setting, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth (Paris: UNESCO, 1998), pp. 191-214.
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'The Uighurs', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/uighurs/uighurs.html
• Yang Fu-hsüeh, 'Two new Uighur coins', East and West 45:1-4 (1995), 375-80.

14. Dunhuang, Khotan, Gaochang/Qocho (Turfan), Samarkand (Fri 24 Apr, 12 noon, T13)

• Compareti, M. ‘The role of the Sogdian colonies in the diffusion of the pearl roundels pattern’, Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/compareti.html
• Dien, Al, 'The glories of Sogdiana', http://www.silk-road.com/artl/sogdian.shtml
• Hansen, Valerie, 'New work on the Sogdians, the most important traders on the Silk Road, A.D. 500-1000' [review article of Étienne de la Vaissière, Histoire des marchands sogdiens and Rong Xinjiang, Zhonggu Zhongguo yu wailai wenming (Middle-period China and outside cultures)], T'oung Pao 89:1-3 (2003), 149-61.
• Mode, Markus, 'Pandzhikent, a town site in ancient Sogdia', http://www.orientarch.uni-halle.de/ca/pandzh.htm
• Moriyasu, Takao, 'Japanese research on the history of the Sogdians along the Silk Road, mainly from Sogdiana to China', Acta Asiatica 94 (2008), 1-39.
• Naymark, Aleksandr, 'Returning to Varakhsha', The Silk Road 1:2 (2003), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/december/varakhsha.htm
• Ning Qiang, 'Introduction to Dunhuang cave art', http://www.silk-road.com/dunhuang/dhintro.html
• Pulleyblank, E.G, 'A Sogdian colony in Inner Mongolia', T'oung Pao 41 (1952), 317-56.
• Semyenov, Grigory, 'The arrangement of buildings in the quarters of a Sogdian city', After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam, ed. Joe Cribb and Georgina Herrmann (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 213-23.
• Silk Road Project, 'Sogdiana', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project,  http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/sogdians/sogdians.html
• Sims-Williams, Nicholas, trans. 'The Sogdian Ancient Letters 1, 2, 3, and 5, Silk Road Project, http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/sogdlet.html
• Stavisky, Boris Y., 'Once more about peculiarities of the Sogdian civilization of the 4th-10th centuries', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/stavisky.html
• Vaissière, Étienne de la, 'Sogdians in China: a short history and some new discoveries', The Silk Road 1:2 (2003), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/december/new_discoveries.htm

14.1 Dunhuang (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Chandra, Lokesh, 'Tun-huang as power and virtue', Acta Orientalia 55:1-3 (2002), 89-98.
• De Silva, Anil, Chinese landscape painting: in the caves of Tun-huang (London: Methuen, 1967).
• International Dunhuang Project, 'The story of Dunhuang, Gansu', http://idp.bl.uk/education/gansu/index.a4d
• Lo, Vivienne, and Christopher Cullen, Medieval Chinese medicine: the Dunhuang medical manuscripts (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005).
• Ning Qiang, Art, religion and politics in medieval China: the Dunhuang cave of the Zhai family (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004).
• Rong Xinjiang, 'Official life at Dunhuang in the tenth century: the case of Cao Yuanzhong', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 57-62.
• Russell-Smith, Lilla, Uygur patronage in Dunhuang: regional art centres on the northern Silk Road in the tenth and eleventh centuries (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
• Shi Weixiang, 'High Tang art in the Mogao caves', Orientations 23:5 (1992), 49-51.
• Silk Road Project, 'Dunhuang', Art of the Silk Road, Silk Road Project,  http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/china/dh/dh.html
• Whitfield, Roderick, Cave temples of Mogao: art and history on the Silk Road (LA: Getty, 2002).
  
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Dunhuang: official and religious life', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 227-306.

14.2 Khotan (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Elikhina, Julia, 'Some Buddhist finds from Khotan: materials in the collections of the State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, The Silk Road 6:1 (2008), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol6num1/
• Kumamoto Hiroshi, 'The Khotanese documents from the Khotan area with an appendix by Saito Tatuya', Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 54 (1996), 27-64.
• Ma Yong, 'A historical study on the Sino-Kharosthi bilingual coins of Khotan', Journal of Central Asia 8:1 (1985), 111-21.
• Sims-Williams, Ursula, 'The kingdom of Khotan to AD 1000: a meeting of cultures', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 15 (2001), 171-2.
• Skjærvø, Prods Oktor, 'An account tablet from eighth-century Khotan', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 15 (2001), 1-8.
• Skjærvø, Prods Oktor, 'Iranians, Indians, Chinese and Tibetans: the rulers and ruled of Khotan in the first millennium', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 34-42.
• Stein, Aurel, Sand-buried ruins of Khotan : personal narrative of a journey of archaeological and geographical exploration in Chinese Turkestan (New Dehli: Asian Educational Services, 2000).
• Stein, Mark Aurel, Ancient Khotan: detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1907).
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Khotan: a kingdom of remarkable diversity', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 133-168.
• Williams, Joanna, 'The iconography of Khotanese painting', East and West 23 (1973), 109-54.

14.3 Gaochang/Qocho (Turfan) (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Deng, Xiaonan, 'Women in Turfan during the sixth to eighth centuries: a look at their activities outside the home', JAS, 58:1 (1999), 85-103.
• Hansen, Valerie, 'The astonishing finds from the Turfan Oasis: what they reveal about the history of the Silk Road', The glory of the Silk Road: art from ancient China, ed. Li Jian (Dayton, Ohio: Dayton Art Institute, 2003), pp. 32-41.
• Hansen, Valerie, 'Turfan as a Silk Road community', AM 11:2 (1998), 1-11.
• Le Coq, Albert von, Buried treasures of Chinese Turkestan: an account of the activities and adventures of the second and third German Turfan expeditions, trans. Anna Barwell. (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1928).
• Liu Xinru, 'Viticulture and viniculture in the Turfan region', The Silk Road 3:1 (2005), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol3num1/5_viticulture.php
• Pelliot, Paul, Les routes de la région de la Turfan sous les T'ang: suivi de l'histoire et la géographie anciennes de l'Asie Centrale dans innermost Asia, ed. Jean-Pierre Dr�ge (Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises du Coll�ge de France, 2002).
• Ru Suichu, 'Silk, paintings, and figurines from Turpan on the Silk Road', Out of China's earth: archeological discoveries in the People's Republic of China, ed. Qian Hao, Chen Heyi and Ru Suichu (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1981), 177-86.
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Gaochang: death and the afterlife', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 307-38.

14.4 Samarkand (remember to check the earlier reading lists)

• Grenet, Frantz, 'Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole. Sources écrites et archéologie', Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales 59:5-6 (2004), 1043-67.
• Kidd, Fiona J. 'Costume of the Samarkand region of Sogdiana between the 2nd/1st century BCE and the 4th century CE', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 17 (2007).
• Mode, Markus, 'Court art of Sogdian Samarqand in the 7th century AD: some remarks to an old problem' (2002), http://www.orientarch.uni-halle.de/ca/afras/index.htm
• ‘Samarkand’, Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, et al., (London: Luzac, 1960-2009), Vol. 8, pp. 1031-8.
• Shishkina, G.V., 'Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd', Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8 (1994 [1996]), 81-99.
• Tucker, Jonathan, ‘Silk Road sites around Samarkand’, The Silk Road: art and history (London: Philip Wilson, 2003), pp. 264-9.
  
• Vaissière, Étienne de la, Sogdian traders: a history, trans. James Ward (Leiden: Brill, 2005).
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'Samarkand', http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/samarkand.html
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Samarkand: trade, travel and faith', The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith, ed. Susan Whitfield (London: British Library, 2004), pp. 107-32.

WEEKS 10-11: METHODS OF INTERACTION AND COEXISTENCE

15. Antagonism and expansionism (Mon 27 Apr)

• Drompp, Michael, 'The Uighur-Chinese conflict of 840-848', Warfare in Inner Asian history (500-1800), ed. Nicola Di Cosmo (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2002), pp. 73-103.
• Ecsedy, Hilda, 'Trade and war relations between the Turks and China in the second half of the 6th century', AOASH 21 (1968), 131-80.
• Ecsedy, I., 'Chinese-Turk political connection and conflict in 615 AD', From Alexander the Great to K�ul Tegin: studies in Bactrian, Pahlavi, Sanskrit, Arabic, Aramaic, Armenian, Chinese, Turk, Greek, and Latin sources for the history of pre-Islamic Central Asia, ed. Janos Harmatta (Budapest: Akadaemiai Kiadao, 1990), pp. 123-32.
• Eisenberg, Andrew, 'Warfare and political stability in medieval North Asian regimes', T'oung Pao 83:4-5 (1997), 300-28.
• Franke, Herbert, 'Siege and defense of towns in medieval China', Chinese ways in warfare, ed. Frank A. Kierman, Jr. and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), pp. 151-200.
• Golden, Peter B., 'War and warfare in the pre-Cinggisid western steppes of Eurasia', Warfare in Inner Asian history (500-1800), ed. Nicola Di Cosmo (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 105-72.
• Graff, David, 'Dou Jiande's dilemma: logistics, strategy, and state formation in seventh-century China', Warfare in Chinese history, ed. Hans van de Ven (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 77-105.
• Graff, David, Medieval Chinese warfare, 300-900 (London: Routledge, 2001).
• Hildinger, Erik,  Warriors of the steppe: a military history of Central Asia, 500 BC to 1700 AD (Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo, 2001).
• Jagchid, Sechen, 'Patterns of trade and conflict between China and the nomadic people of Mongolia', Zentralasiatische Studien, 11 (1977), 177-204, repr. Essays in Mongolian studies (Salt Lake City: Brigham Young University Press, 1988), pp. 3-20.
• Lattimore, Owen, 'Inner Asian frontiers: defensive empires and conquest empires', Studies in frontier history: collected papers, 1928-1958 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962 [1957]), pp. 501-13.
• Mode, Markus, 'Heroic fights and dying heroes: the Orlat battle plaque and the roots of Sogdian art', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/mode.html
• Sinor, Denis, 'The Inner Asian warriors', JAOS 101 (1981), 133-44.
• Standen, Naomi, 'Raiding and frontier society in the Five Dynasties', Political frontiers, ethnic boundaries, and human geographies in Chinese history, ed. Nicola di Cosmo and Don Wyatt (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), pp. 160-91.
• Torday, Laszlo, Mounted archers: the beginnings of Central Asian history (Edinburgh: Durham Academic Press, 1997).
• Turan, Osman, 'The ideal of world domination among the medieval Turks', SI 4 (1955), 77-90.
• Twitchett, Denis, 'Tibet in Tang's grand strategy', Warfare in Chinese history, ed. Hans van de Ven (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp. 106-79.

16. Diplomacy and autonomy (Fri 1 May)

• Holmgren, Jennifer, 'A question of strength: military capability and princess bestowal in imperial China's foreign relations (Han to Ch'ing)', MS 39 (1990-1), 31-85.
• Hu-sterk, Florence, 'Entre fascination et repulsion: regards des poetes des Tang sur les "barbares"', MS 48 (2000), 19-38.
• Kaneko Shûichi, 'T'ang international relations and diplomatic correspondence', Viewpoints on T'ang China, ed. Ikeda On, trans. P.A. Herbert (Special Issue, Acta Asiatica 55) (Tokyo: T'h' Gakka, 1988), pp. 75-101.
• Leung, Irene, 'Between stories and their tellings: the legend of Wenji's captivity and their historical significance', http://www.asiasociety.org/arts/wenji/historical/essay.html
• Mackerras, Colin, 'Sino-Uighur diplomatic and trade contacts (744 to 840)', CAJ 13 (1969), 215-40.
• Maitra, K.M., trans. A Persian embassy to China (New York, repr. 1970).
• Minorsky, V., 'Tamim ibn Bahr's journey to the Uyghurs', BSOAS 12:2 (1948), 275-305.
• Moses, Larry W, 'T'ang tribute relations with the Inner Asian barbarian', Essays on T'ang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, ed. John C. Perry and Bardwell L. Smith (Leiden: Brill, 1976), pp. 61-89.
• Pan, Yihong, 'Marriage alliances and Chinese princesses in international politics from Han through Tang', Asia Major 10:1-2 (1997), 95-131.
• Penrose, G. Larry, The Inner Asian diplomatic tradition, Teaching Aids for the Study of Inner Asia No. 3 (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1975).
• Sinor, Denis, 'Diplomatic practices in medieval Inner Asia', Studies in medieval Inner Asia (London: Variorum, 1997).
• Sinor, Denis, 'Interpreters in medieval Inner Asia', Studies in medieval Inner Asia (London: Variorum, 1997), XV.

BANK HOLIDAY (Mon 4 May)

Seminar 4 - Interdependence, interaction, communication (Fri 8 May)

• Golden, Peter B., 'Nomads and their sedentary neighbors in pre-Cinggisid Eurasia', AEMI 7 (1987-91), 41-81.
• Horlemann, Bianca, 'The relations of the eleventh-century Tsong kha tribal confederation to its neighbour states on the Silk Road', Contributions to the cultural history of early Tibet, ed. Matthew T. Kapstein and Brandon Dotson (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 79-101.
• Lieu, S., 'Byzantium, Persia and China: interstate relations on the eve of the Islamic conquest', Realms of the Silk Roads, ancient and modern, ed. David Christian and Craig Benjamin (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000).
• Mackerras, Colin, 'Relations between the Uygur state and China's Tang Dynasty, 744-840', Realms of the Silk Roads, ancient and modern, ed. David Christian and Craig Benjamin (Turnhout: Brepols, 2000).
• Mair, Victor H., 'Dunhuang as a funnel for Central Asian nomads into China', Ecology and empire: nomads in the cultural evolution of the Old World, ed. Gary Seaman, pp. 143-63.
• Petech, Luciano, 'The Silk Road, Turfan and Tun-huang in the first millennium AD', Turfan and Tun-huang, the texts: encounter of civilizations on the Silk Route, ed. Alfredo Cadonna (Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1992), pp. 1-13.
• Seaman, G., and D. Marks, ed., Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery (Los Angeles: Ethnographics Press, 1991).
• Smith, John Masson, 'Turanian nomadism and Iranian politics', Iranian Studies 11 (1978), 57-81.
• Yu Taishan, 'A history of the relationship between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions', Sino-Platonic Papers 131 (2004), 352 pp.

WEEK 12: CONCLUSIONS

17. The Pax Mongolica and the rise of maritime trade (Mon 11 May)

• Allsen, Thomas A.T. 'Mongolian princes and their merchant partners, 1200-1260,' AM 2 (1989), 83-126.
• Allsen, Thomas T., Commodity and exchange in the Mongol empire: a cultural history of Islamic textiles (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
• Chan, Hok-lam, 'Commerce and trade in divided China', JAH 36:2 (2002), 135-83.
• Clark, Hugh R., Community, trade, and networks: southern Fujian province from the third to the thirteenth centuries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
• Elvin, Mark, The pattern of the Chinese past: a social and economic interpretation (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973).
• Endicott-West, Elizabeth, 'Merchant associations in Yüan China: the ortogh, AM 2:2 (1989), 127-54.
• Franke, Herbert, 'Sino-western contacts under the Mongol empire', Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 6 (1966), 49-72.
• Hirth, Friedrich, and Rockhill, W.W., trans., Chau Ju-kua: his work on the Chinese and Arab trade in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, entitled Chu-fan-ch‘ (Taipei: Cheng-wen, 1970 [1911]).
• Lo, Jung-Pang, 'The emergence of China as a sea power during the late Sung and early Yuan periods', Far Eastern Quarterly 14 (1954-1955), 489-503.
• Ma, Laurence Jun-ch'ao, Commercial development and urban change in Sung China, 960-1279 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1971).
• Ptak, Roderich, 'Images of maritime Asia in two Yuan texts: Daoyi zhilue and Yiyu zhi', JSYS 25 (1995), 47-76.
• Shagdar, Bira, 'The Mongol Empire in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: east-west relations', The Silk Roads: highways of culture and commerce, ed. Vadime Elisséeff (Paris: UNESCO, 1998), pp. 127-44.
• So, S., and B.K.L. So, 'Population growth and maritime prosperity: the case of Ch'uan-chou in comparative perspective, 946-1368', JESHO 45:1 (2002), 96-127.
• Von Glahn, Richard, 'The enchantment of wealth: the god Wutong in the social history of Jiangnan', HJAS 51:2 (1991), 651-714.
• Waugh, Daniel C., 'The Pax Mongolica', http://www.silk-road.com/artl/paxmongolica.shtml

Seminar 5 - Silk Road cultures, Silk Road culture, cities and pasture? (Thurs 14 May)

• Babayarov, Gaybullah, 'Sogd under Turkish rule during VIth-VIIIth centuries', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/babayarov.html
• Chen Ming, 'The transmission of foreign medicine via the Silk Roads in medieval China: a case study of Haiyao bencao', Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 3:2 (2007), 241-64.
• Christian, David, 'Silk roads or steppe roads', JWH 11:1 (2000), 1-26.
• Cribb, Joe, 'Money as a marker of cultural community and change in Central Asia', After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam, ed. Joe Cribb and Georgina Herrmann (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 333-75.
• Dale, Stephen F., 'Silk Road, Cotton Road or.... Indo-Chinese trade in pre-european times', Modern Asian Studies 43:1 (2009), 79-88.
• Drompp, Michael, 'A T'ang adventurer in Inner Asia', TS 6 (1988), 1-23.
• Ecsedy, Ildiko, 'Links between China and Rome through Byzantium and Persia: the nomadic mediation', Historical and linguistic interaction between Inner-Asia and Europe: proceedings of the 39th Permanent International Conference (PIAC), Szeged, Hungary, June 16-21, 1996, ed. çrp‡d Berta and Edina Horvath (Szeged: Dept. of Altaic Studies, University of Szeged, 1997), pp. 99-106.
• Franke, Herbert, 'A Sino-Uigur family portrait: notes on a woodcut from Turfan', Canada Mongolia Review 4 (1978), 33-40.
• Hur Young-hwan, 'Arts of Central Asia: cultural exchange along the Silk Road', Koreana 18:2 (2004), 82-8.
• International Dunhuang Project, 'Cultural dialogue on the Silk Road: a mini gallery', http://idp.bl.uk/education/dialogue/index.a4d#3
• Jao, Tsung-i, 'Questions on the origins of writing raised by the Silk Road', Sino-Platonic Papers 26 (1991), 1-10.
• Juliano, Annette L., 'Chinese pictorial space at the cultural crossroads', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/juliano.html
• Lawergren, Bo, 'Western influences on the early Chinese Qin-zither', Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities Bulletin 75 (2003), 79-109.
• Linduff, Katheryn, ed. 'Silk Road exchange in China', Sino-Platonic Papers 142 (2004), 64 pp.
• Mu Shun-ying, and Wang Yao, 'The Western regions (Hsi-yü) under the T'ang empire and the kingdom of Tibet', History of civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. III: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750, ed. B.A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guangda, R. Shabani Samghabadi (Paris: Unesco, 1996), pp. 349-65.
• Saliba, George, 'China and Islamic civilization: exchange of techniques and scientific ideas', The Silk Road 6:1 (2008), http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol6num1/
• Sen, Tansen, Buddhism, diplomacy, and trade: the realignment of Sino-Indian relations, 600-1400 (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2003).
• Setudeh-Nejad, Shahab, 'The myth and the history of Sino-Iranian interface: intercourse of Persia and China in arts, culture and kinship', Asian Culture Quarterly 24:3 (1996), 37-42.
• Sinor, Denis, 'Languages and cultural interchanges along the Silk Road', Studies in medieval Inner Asia (London: Variorum, 1997), XIX.
• Soper, C. Alexander, 'Northern Liang and Northern Wei in Kansu', Artibus Asiae 21:2, (1958), 131-64.
• Whitfield, Susan, 'Was there a Silk Road?', Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 3:2, (2007), 201-13.
• Williams, Marjorie, 'Dragons, porcelains and demons: cultural exchange between China and Persia', Orientations 17:8 (1986), 22-32.
• Wu Zhen, '"Hu" non-Chinese as they appear in the materials from the Astana graveyard at Turfan', Sino-Platonic Papers 119 (2002), 22 pp.
• Wurm, S.A., 'The Silk Road and hybridized languages in north-western China', Diogenes 171 (1995), 53-62.
• Yatsenko, Sergey A., 'The late Sogdian costume (the 5th - 8th cc. AD)', Ēran ud Anērān: studies presented to Boris Ilich Marshak on the occasion of his 70th birthday, ed. Matteo Compareti, Paola E. Raffetta, Gianroberto Scarcia (electronic version (October 2003, updated August 2006), http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/yatsenko.html

18. Revision session (Fri 15 May)